Island Burial Council Document Page
MINUTES
HAWAII ISLAND BURIAL COUNCIL MEETING
DATE: THURSDAY, JANUARY 16, 2003
TIME: 12:00 PM - 4:00 PM
PLACE: STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
AIRPORTS DIVISION - HAWAI`I DISTRICT OFFICE, KEAHOLE AIRPORT CONFERENCE RM.
KAILUA-KONA, HI 96745
ATTENDANCE:
MEMBERS: Geri Bell, Vice-Chair
Keolalani Hanoa
Ruby McDonald
Charles Young
Roger Harris
John Ray
STAFF:
Kai Markell, History and Culture Branch Chief
Mary Perzinski, Historic Sites Specialist
Keola Lindsey, Historic Sites Specialist
Jeanne Knapp, Historic Sites Specialist
GUESTS:
Allan Cobb
Joseph Kennedy
Lily Kong
Pele Hanoa
Lei Kaleohanu
Geraldine Kaleohanu
Leialoha Kaleohanu
Pamela Harlow
Mary Kekai
Aileen Enos
C. Conching
Victoria Medeiros
Florence Weinberg
Jack Kelly
Richard Kaukin
Joyce Kaukin
Hannah Reeves
Nancy Burns
Bob Rechtman
Mikahala Roy
Casey Ballao
Marion Keliikipi
Alan Haun
Mary Kelekolio Kalili
Jim Medeiros, Sr.
Moses Haia
Mahina Pai
Curtis Tyler
Lyle Hosoda
Cindi Punihaole
ABSENT:
Nalei Pate-Kahakalau
Ulu Sherlock
Ulu Garmon
Keikialoha Kekipi
Eli Nahulu
I. OPENING REMARKS
Geri Bell (Bell) calls meeting to order at 12:25 pm.
Pule is offered. Introduction of Burial Council members.
II. APPROVAL OF MAY 16, 2002 MEETING MINUTES
Kealoha Pisciotta was in attendance at the meeting and needs to be added to the attendance.
A motion is made to accept the May 16, 2002 meeting minutes with the aforementioned correction. (Harris/Hanoa)
VOTE: ALL IN FAVOR.
III. BUSINESS
A motion is made to move Case Updates: Ka `Ohana O Na Kupuna O Kona agenda item to the first item under Business. (McDonald/Harris)
VOTE: ALL IN FAVOR.
A. CASE UPDATES: Ka `Ohana O Na Kupuna O Kona
Lily Kong (Kong) reads letter Ka `Ohana O Na Kupuna O Kona sent to Kai Markell requesting a determination for recognition as an appropriate Hawaiian organization.
Kai Markell (Markell) says Jean Creadick at the attorney general's office is working on a determination. There will hopefully be a decision by February's HIBC meeting.
B. LAND OF PUA`A; TMK: 3-7-5-10:61; PUA`A 1ST AHUPUA`A, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI`I
Information/Recommendation: Formal council determination to preserve in place or relocate affected burials, and council recommendations to the Department of Land and Natural Resources regarding proposed burial treatment.
Geri Bell (Bell) asks if there are any descendents present who wish to speak before she calls on the archaeological consultant. No one comes forward. Bell asks Mr. Kennedy, the archaeological consultant, to come forward.
Joseph Kennedy (Kennedy) says that in 1999, an inventory survey was conducted on nine acres in Pua`a 1. Five sites were identified with over 60 features. Most were agricultural sites. One primary burial was found in a refuge cave. Three other locations on the property had human osteological remains intermixed with midden and appear to have been disturbed by animals.
Mary Perzinski (Perzinski) updates council on the current situation. Kennedy proposes to place all of the human remains in the refuge cave and seal the cave with a 25 foot permanent buffer. No lineal or cultural descendents have come forward. The burial treatment plan was included in the December packet, but was not presented at the December meeting because Kennedy could not get a flight to Hilo.
Council members request a note reminding them to bring along all necessary materials from other month's packets, as necessary.
Kennedy says that the human remains found in the three other locations were intermixed with midden and animal bone fragments. Alan Zeigler, zoologist, and Sara Collins, O`ahu archaeologist and osteologist, assisted Kennedy in identifying the small fragments of human remains.
Charles Young (Young) asks about other developments in the area. Kennedy says there are other developments in the area, but he does not believe the fragments are from another location. There is evidence of animal disturbance on one of the fragments.
Young asks if they are Native Hawaiian iwi. Kennedy says nobody knows. The fragments were intermixed in midden with rat, dog, cat, bird bones, kukui nuts, opii shells and pipipi shells.
Cindi Punihaole (Punihaole) asked if the material had been previously disturbed by people. Kennedy says no, the individual in the cave had not been disturbed. The fragments were likely not previously disturbed, the stratigraphical layers were intact, no mottling of the soil had occurred. There was no evidence of equipment scarring on any of the rocks. The surface features were intact as well.
There is concern over whether sufficient notification for descendents has occurred. Kennedy replies that legally he has done all he is required to do, but thinks including a map of the area would help, if that were required. Many people review the notices diligently. Geri Bell says that this issue has been brought up at previous meetings. Bell says it is incumbent upon the persons who do read the notices to get the word out.
Young says he is not culturally comfortable reinterring non-Native Hawaiian remains with Native Hawaiian remains. Kennedy replies they are most probably Native Hawaiian, but would require DNA analysis for confirmation. Young says even if they are Native Hawaiian, they may not be from that area.
Kennedy asks what should be done with the iwi fragments if they are not reinterred with the other burial. Kennedy says he understands Young's point of view, but the most likely scenario is that these bones were once buried in the general area and, over time, animals went into the cave or grave and carried the fragments into scattered locations on this property. Kennedy says the fragments are most likely Native Hawaiian and from the area.
Roger Harris (Harris) asks if a preservation plan has been written. Kennedy says he has been awaiting a decision from the Council regarding the burial before writing the plan. The most significant site of the project is the burial cave which will be preserved. Kennedy says the site has other features including mounds, C-shaped structures, and terraces, but none seem as appropriate for reinterment of the iwi as the refuge/burial cave.
Young asks about the size of the cave. Kennedy says it is meters long and runs underneath the houses next door.
Mikahala Roy (Roy) tells Kennedy that he needs to know if there are any burials on the land before he comes to the Council. Bell asks Roy for her manao and letting the Council ask the questions. Roy says that these lands were highly populated and filled with agricultural features. As a Hawaiian from these lands, it is important to know the history of the land.
Ray says that Kennedy's plan makes sense. There are no other suggestions for the reinterment for the iwi. The Council has 45 days for determination. The Council is not ready to make a decision today.
A motion is made to defer this agenda item until the February HIBC meeting. (McDonald/Hanoa)
Ray says he with vote to defer with the understanding that at the next HIBC meeting, Kennedy will not be required to bring forth further documentation.
VOTE: ALL IN FAVOR.
Kennedy asks if he needs to do anything before the next meeting. Bell says no, but she would like to see the site before the next meeting.
C. LAND OF WAI`AHA; TMK: 3-7-5-18:08; WAI`AHA 1ST AHUPUA`A, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI`I
Information/Recommendation: Formal council determination to preserve in place or relocate affected burials, and council recommendations to the Department of Land and Natural Resources regarding proposed burial treatment.
A site visit of the project area was conducted this morning before this meeting.
Curtis Tyler (Tyler) introduces self to Council. Kepa Maly informed Tyler that Queen Emma was associated with this Wai`aha property. According to Tyler's family's oral tradition, he is related to Queen Emma. Tyler will submit his palapala to Kanai Kapeliela. According to Mr. DeWesse, no descendents have come forward as of today. Tyler says the burial treatment plan (BTP) suggests preservation for four sites (two contain burials). A heiau and a habitation site are also present on the site. A 15' buffer zone is recommended in Haun's BTP. Tyler suggested an additional "no construction zone" of 10' around the 15' buffer zone. Tyler also requested a 4' high permanent rock wall constructed with rebar and concrete and an opening for a gate.
Alan Haun (Haun) says that construction of the wall is contingent on County approval, because it is a County easement.
A motion is made to accept the burial treatment plan as proposed for preservation in place, and recommend to the Department of Land and Natural Resources to accept the 15 foot buffer with the 10 foot "no build zone" as suggested, and the exact location of the rock wall is to be worked out between County staff and the developer. (Harris/McDonald)
VOTE: ALL IN FAVOR
D. LAND OF HONUA`ULA; TMK: 3-7-5-001:44; HONUA`ULA AHUPUA`A,
NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI`I
Information/Recommendation: Formal council determination to preserve in place or relocate affected burials, and council recommendations to the Department of Land and Natural Resources regarding proposed burial treatment.
Bell asks if there are any descendents that would like to speak on this item. No descendents come forward.
Perzinski says that this item is for a formal council determination to preserve in place or relocate affected burials, and to give the Department recommendations regarding burial treatment. There were two burials found on the property, one in a cave blister and one in a terrace. A 20' buffer, signage and access for descendents are proposed in the plan.
Alan Haun (Haun) says the temporary buffer has been increased to 50' until the permanent buffer is established. Haun introduces Nancy Burns (Burns) of Sunset Builders. Burns says that a preliminary plat map has been submitted to the County. The parcels are divided into 5 acre agricultural lots which will mostly be coffee. Access is a through a subdivision next to it. The construction plans are being drawn up now. Coffee will be planted as soon as possible.
Roy asks to be recognized as a cultural, if not lineal, descendent of Honua`ula.
Young asks the size of the blister cave. Haun says it is relatively small, approximately 5 meters, 16 feet. The buffer zones will be outside the perimeter of the cave.
Tyler suggests the Wahinekapu and Makuakane families for possible recognition because they were related to burials in the same ahupua`a, although more makai.
Haun says the majority of the site will be preserved. The burial site is bounded on three sides by the preserve area. The preservation plan for that area is currently under review by the State Historic Preservation Division.
An environmental assessment is not warranted because the land has already been zoned.
Young would like a site visit. Haun says they could get within 150 feet of the project area by car and then climb over a fence; it would be a rough hike. Young is concerned with the process. Young says the prior submission for this development was unpopular. There was concerned about drainage issues, and access to ceded lands. Young doesn't want to approve a burial treatment plan for a subdivision that may not be approved.
Burns says the development has tentative approval already.
Bell says she would also like to make an attempt to see the project area. Young says he will not be able to attend the February meeting, so he cannot attend a site visit. Young says he has already been on the property.
Ray says that Young's concerns are out of the Burial Council's jurisdiction. Young says if a burial treatment plan is approved, it shows approval for the entire project. Ray doesn't see how the Burial Council's approval has any effect on the State and County approval of a project.
Markell says it is difficult to see burials without seeing the future land development. At this stage, preserving the kupuna is the main goal, then everything else will have to go around.
Young says he has no problem with the burial treatment plan, but he has difficulty separating the two issues.
Haun says the 20' buffer zone begins at the perimeter of the terrace feature and the perimeter of the subterranean cave.
A motion is made that the Hawai`i Island Burial Council recommend preservation in place and accept the proposed burial treatment plan. (Ray/Harris)
VOTE: 4 IN FAVOR (Ray, Harris, Hanoa, McDonald),
1 ABSTENSION (Young).
Bell calls for a 15 minute break. Council reconvenes at 2:27 pm.
E. KAPOHO-KALAPANA ROAD REALIGNMENT PROJECT; TMK: 3-1-3-03:6, KAUAEA AHUPUA`A, PUNA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI`I
Information/Recommendation: Formal council determination to preserve in place or relocate affected burials, and council recommendations to the Department of Land and Natural Resources regarding proposed burial treatment.
Bell asks if there are any descendents present that wish to speak. None come forward.
Bob Rechtman. (Rechtman) presents a letter from Kamehameha Schools.
Perzinski reads the following letter from Melrose of Kamehameha Schools, dated January 8, 2003, addressed to Mr. Sato of SSFM:
Thank you for forwarding a copy of the revised treatment plan for the burial found in the proposed road right of way realignment at Kauaea, Puna. We concur with the changes recommended by the burial commission to move the road to the makai side of the burial to limit public traffic in the area. We hereby concur with the proposed burial treatment plan with the understanding that no immediate actions will be taken to implement the plan until such time as Kamehameha Schools and the County of Hawaii come to formal agreement on the acquisition of the right of way and adequate funds are appropriated to implement the realignment project.
Perzinski says that the proposed preservation measures include a 10' buffer, ti leaf plants, concrete cap, signage, preservation easement and access for descendents.
A motion is made to preserve the burial in place and recommend to the Department of Land and Natural Resources to accept the burial treatment plan as proposed. (Harris/Ray)
VOTE: ALL IN FAVOR.
Kunewa Burial
Bell asks for an interruption in the agenda to allow for the Marianne Kunewa Burial update. Eileen Enos, granddaughter of Marianne Kunewa, and Lyle Hosoda introduce selves to the council.
Markell explains that the Burials Program received notification in October, 2002, that there was potential imminent harm to the grave of Marianne Kunewa. The remains had been already exhumed by the time the program got the request for a cease and desist order. The case has potential for civil and criminal penalties. Proper procedure wasn't followed. The council should have been consulted before the burial was disinterred.
The burial is over 50 years old and is of a Native Hawaiian.
Enos wants the burial back and reinterred where they belong.
Hosoda says it is the burial council's jurisdiction to make the decision. Hosoda says the family has been in contact with each other. The family told Enos that the burial was moved to the Episcopal Church. Hosoda says they are continuing to try to reach common ground, but the council may have to come to a decision. Hosoda corrects the draft minutes from the December meeting as follows: page 3, 2nd paragraph, "Hosoda and Enos had no confirmation of permit issued by Department of Health"; 6th paragraph, "Enos does not have a present intent to file"; 9th paragraph, "council does have the authority in this matter."
F. HOKULI`A
Information/Recommendation: Discussion of the December 26, 2002 third circuit court ruling. Burial Treatment Plan presentation on burials located on the project property.
Bell asks for staff update. Markell says he did not review the agenda before it went out. With regard to the judge's order, the Department, in consultation with the attorney general, is still interpreting the findings and the ramifications of the order. A deputy is expected to hold an executive session with the Council to go over Judge Ibarra's findings. That may occur at the next HIBC meeting. A burial treatment plan has to be submitted by Hokuli`a by the end of this month. Staff hasn't seen the plan yet. The descendents may have seen the plan, but staff is not sure. No action can be taken today.
John Ray (Ray) reiterates that the Council will not be having a discussion today of the judge's order and as far as the acceptance of the burial treatment plan, that will need to be reviewed first internally by staff.
Markell says that usually the Department receives the plan initially for rule compliance then it comes before the Council for discussion or determination.
Bell asks Hokuli`a representatives if the plan has gone to the descendents.
A lawyer representing Oceanside 2500, says they are not here to do a presentation. Oceanside is submitting the plan directly to the Burial Council following the judge's order, not withstanding what the particular Burial Council rules may be.
Bob Stuit hands out burial treatment plans to Council members and staff.
Jimmy Medeiros (Medeiros) shows Council a letter from Don Hibbard to John De Fries giving Oceanside permission to penetrate three burial tubes. Ray recalls that Oceanside asked for the Council's recommendation, but it was clear that it was an administrative decision by the Department. Medeiros is concerned that a leaving administrator can do whatever he likes.
Markell responds that the decision concerned him; the Burials Program has asked administration to rescind that letter (December 23rd) based on the court order (December 26th) coming out days after the letter went out. Whether that will get rescinded is unknown. Markell is concerned about outgoing administrators' decisions. Markell thought Pu`u Ohau would be decided upon at the end of the administration, but it didn't.
Moses Haia (Haia), staff attorney for Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation, says that the timing is significant because the court order called for all activity to cease and desist on January 17th, tomorrow. Haia imagines that Oceanside, with the authorization from the Department, is working to finish all work before January 17th. Haia visited Hokuli`a today, but was unable to determine whether the work allowed by the authorization was completed. Haia says the Burials Program should request that information from the developer and provide it to the descendents.
Medeiros is concerned that he hasn't received notice of the meetings.
Mary Perzinski (Perzinski) explains that the agenda is posted on the World Wide Web, by law, 6 days prior to the meeting. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/hpd/bcagnda.htm
Markell says that the descendents are all on a mailing list and they should be sent notices.
Medeiros is upset that he was mentioned as giving his approval for a particular project at the December HIBC meeting. Paying for parking at the airport is also a concern. Markell says that finding an appropriate place to hold these meetings is difficult. Markell apologizes that the public has to pay for their parking today.
Charles Young (Young) asks the community to offer suggestions for where to hold the meetings. Bell asks about holding evening meetings. Markell offers to try it.
Jack Kelly (Kelly) refers to December HIBC meeting minutes. Kelly is upset over Jiran's comments concerning Jimmy Medeiros' approval of Ki`ilae project. With regard to Judge Ibarra's order, on January 31st, the DLNR has to make a determination on where the wall should be built on Pu`u Oahu. Between the 30' elevation and the 120' elevation are many sites. Kelly would like the Burial Council to make a definitive statement on where the base of Pu`u Ohau is.
Markell says that it is his understanding that when the motion was made, the Department, the Council, and the families in attendance were talking about the physical bottom of the pu`u. Subsequently the issue came up as to the Conservation line, lots and other issues.
Councilmembers Hanoa and Bell agree that was their understanding at the time as well.
Curtis Tyler (Tyler), a recognized cultural descendent, has reviewed Judge Ibarra's ruling. Tyler reads item #62, page 12:
On November 18, 1999, the HIBC voted to protect all of Pu`u Ohau as one burial site and to require Oceanside to build a 6 foot high wall around the base of the pu`u.
Tyler continues with item #63, "By letter dated February 17, 2000, SHPD informed Oceanside of this recommendation."
Tyler reads Item #64 (page 13) aloud:
Oceanside apparently realizing that some of its planned home sites and a portion of the golf course encroached onto the pu`u, objected to the recommendation, but nevertheless made the protective measure a part of its own BTP, which provided for implementing all protective measures "as soon as possible."
Tyler continues #65, as we all know they haven't built the wall, although they have built a portion of the 2nd fairway and sand traps and other improvements on the pu`u. Tyler says he has come before the Council before on this. Tyler says he was there with Markell and Kapeliela and a cease and desist order was issued subsequent to that time. The cease and desist order makes it very clear what the Department means by the base of the pu`u. Tyler reads from a September 19, 2001 letter from Gil Agaran to John De Fries:
For the purposes of this letter, Pu`u Ohau will defined as a physical feature associated with increasing elevations and not defined by the boundary of the conservation zone.
Tyler says he is concerned that the Council has not insisted that this [building the wall] be done. Tyler quotes the November 18, 1999 HIBC meeting minutes page 4:
Emalia Keohokalole sees the pu`u as the entire burial site for this ali`i . Her family will kokua, but not sacrifice the integrity of the burial site for their ali`i. Emalia said that her family is agreeable to the 70 foot buffer zone and rock wall around the base of the pu`u with a gateway for perpetual access by descendents.
Tyler says it concerns him that this simple matter has not been resolved. Tyler reads portion of letter dated June 15 from Stuit, responding to the February 17th letter from Hibbard. "Other than the exceptions noted above (regarding some of the distances) Oceanside accepts the recommendation of the Council described in your letter and will prepare the burial preservation plan as requested." Tyler asks the Council to pursue this issue. If iwi kupuna are the most revered aspects of our culture, then we should all work together. Clearly this program and Division needs significantly increased funding from this legislature. I can't believe that 3 people can take care of the burial sites program. It is not physically, spiritually, or psychologically possible. There is nothing more reverent in our culture than iwi kupuna. The iwi kupuna are priceless.
IV. NEW CASES
A. HO`OKENA
Information/Recommendation: New information regarding a burial site at Ho`okena, Kenenelu/Mawae Ahupua`a.
Markell says this is the Waihena case.
Bell asks for information on this case from staff.
Keola Lindsey (K. Lindsey), Hawai`i Island Historic Sites Specialist, gives background of case. Lindsey says his office was contacted in early November regarding concerns that the Pai and Alani family had for the Kalahiki Waiea area in regards to bulldozing possible burial sites. The Pai Alani family came to the Hawaii Island SHPD office at the end of November with substantial videotape evidence of possible burial sites being disturbed. A site visit was conducted at the end of November and a DOCARE investigation began on December 9 for possible 6E violations in Waiea South Kona. That investigation is ongoing. At the conclusion of the investigation, the evidence gathered will be submitted to the attorney general to see if prosecution is warranted.
Markell says they were also contacted by other individuals, Vernon and Noenoe Lindsey and McCandless Ranch properties and another family has submitted information from a court case claiming land owner interest in the parcel. The land owner issue is complex. The Division did a wide notification to interested possible land owner parties and there is an investigation. Ground disturbing work has to cease.
K. Lindsey says although land ownership is in question, they do believe they have identified the responsible party for the activities.
Mahina Pai (Pai) says a whole mountain is being graded for a subdivision at the expense of `ohana's burials. Pai says in early November, his father-in-law saw bulldozer smoke from behind the treeline in Kalahiki. Pai contacted the SHPD. A group including: Richard Omea, County of Hawaii Engineering Inspector, Keith Unger, Mary Anne Maigret, Keola Lindsey, Pai, Pai's wife and Pai's father-in-law, went down to the property on November 29th. Pai says that Bob Rechtman monitored the construction of a road for Vernon and Noenoe Lindsey and found no evidence of burials. Pai shows Council a USGS map labeling burial caves. A group went down December 9th. Pai says somebody dug up the burial ahus that he had constructed. Pai says he saw that the bulldozer had been moved so he went to the Police, the mayor's office and Peter Young's office. According to Pai, none of the agencies assisted Pai. Pai recorded the machine's serial number and found out who had rented it. Pai says there is iwi underneath the bulldozer tracks. Pai would like the Council to instigate an investigation. Pai says this was a sacred area. There is recorded testimony of August 6, 1873, Palea, a birdcatcher from Kalahiki. Palea was trained by three KONOHIKIs (sp?), Nahua, Mahu and Nuhi in one ahupua`a. McCandless and the County has the key for the County gate to the old government road. The bulldozer is destroying archaeological sites as well; platforms, ahus, burials, and two heiau Kehauuauaka and Kehekilinui. These areas were recorded by Bingham and Stokes. The bulldozer is grading for roads for a future subdivision.
Kathleen Pai says they have meetings every Saturday at Kahakou. The area is called Kalahiki, not Ho`okena.
Bell asks if there has been any dialogue with the landowner.
Pai says they want to speak to the landowner, but want an investigation. Medeiros ohana has also been seen at the site. Pai said when he met Peter Young, Young stated that he was concerned and that he would inform the parties involved. Pai is concerned that the bulldozer is no longer at the site. Galen Ankuba issued an order to cease and desist, but the bulldozer had been moved on December 6th.
Keola Hanoa (Hanoa) says she attended the December 9th meeting. Hanoa says the Pai's went through all of the process. It took DLNR enforcement 6 days to respond because it was over the Thanksgiving holiday. Hanoa saw the videotape and she saw iwi under the blade. Culturally, the Pai's did the right thing by covering the iwi within ahus. Hanoa says Rechtman had told the McCandless' that they were supposed to acquire more permits if they went off the road. Hanoa says the Pais already have all the evidence. This site has a concentration of iwi.
Markell asks the Council if they would like a site visit. Markell agrees to arrange a site visit for next week.
Jack Kelly (Kelly) says that Mr. Vernon Lindsey was cited for no grading permit. They investigated, and then the County said to get a permit. That was the punishment.
The site visit is scheduled for Thursday, January 23, 2003.
Jeanne Knapp (Knapp) says she did go on the initial visit in the beginning of November, but they did not see any iwi and did not have permission to go on the land. Knapp was not involved consequent to that.
Hanoa says she attended the meeting too. Hanoa tried to instill trust in the State and comfort the families who are grieving. Hopefully this new administration will help the Council and do better.
Medeiros says his family is from Waiea. He says he has a 10 or 15 year old video of his family at the site. Medeiros used to pick ulu on the ranch property next to Ray Salas house. My grandmother's family's graves were on the property where Ray Salas house is. When Salas built the house, he took out all the graves down to the stones. My family supports the other ohanas and we also have our own legal representation for this case. This is a criminal case. Our genealogy is being submitted to Kanai Kapeliela.
Hannah Reeves (Reeves) says the Pai's are her family.
V. CASE UPDATES
Information/Recommendation: Status updates including, but not limited to, Kumukahi Burials and Kalanihonua.
No updates presented.
VI. ANNOUNCEMENTS
VII. ADJOURNMENT
Meeting is adjourned at 4:10 pm.
Respectfully submitted,
Mary P. Perzinski
Burials Facilitator
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