Disability and Communication Access Board

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Chapter 11-218 | Go Back | Home

 

  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

 

Amendment and Compilation of Chapter 11-218

Hawaii Administrative Rules

 

__July 3, 2007_

 

 

SUMMARY

1.   §11-218-5.1 is amended.

2.   §11-218-13.5 is amended.

3.   Chapter 218 is compiled.


 

 

 

 

 

 

HAWAII ADMINISTRATIVE RULES

 

TITLE 11

 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

 

CHAPTER 218

 

COMMUNICATION ACCESS SERVICES FOR PERSONS WHO ARE DEAF, HARD OF HEARING, AND DEAF-BLIND

 

 

§11-218-1         Purpose and scope

§11-218-2         Interpretation

§11-218-3         Definitions

§11-218-4         Credentials of providers

§11-218-5         Repealed

§11-218-5.1      Fee schedule guidelines

§11-218-6         Cancellation of services

§11-218-7         Repealed

§11-218-7.1      Repealed

§11-218-7.2      Repealed

§11-218-8         Provision of services

§11-218-8.1      Role of a provider who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind

§11-218-9         Rights of consumers to communication

                         access services

§11-218-9.5      Code of ethics

§11-218-10       Repealed

§11-218-11       Repealed

§11-218-12       Application and renewal of credentials

§11-218-13       Validity of credentials

§11-218-13.4    Test Procedures and Grievances

§11-218-13.5    Testing Fees

§11-218-14       Reciprocal recognition

§11-218-15       Severability

 

 

 

 

 

 

§11-281-1

 

 

 

 

§11-218-1  Purpose and scope.  The purpose of these rules is to establish guidelines for the use of communication access services by persons who are deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind for effective communication in programs and activities of state departments and agencies.  The optimal situation is one in which the state program or activity is able to communicate directly with the person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind.  When direct communication is not possible, this chapter provides guidelines for hiring communication access providers.  [Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp   

     7/23/07   ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-2  Interpretation.  If any provision of these rules is inconsistent with requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Public Law 101-336, as amended, and Section 504 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Public Law 93-112, as amended, the provision shall be construed to be superseded or governed thereby.  These rules shall be construed liberally and consistent with the purpose stated in section 11-218-1. [Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; am and comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; comp 12/24/01; comp 10/13/05; comp   7/23/07     ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-3  Definitions.  As used in this chapter, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

"Board" means the Disability and Communication Access Board.

"Certified real-time captioner" means any person who holds any valid certifications awarded by either the National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) or a state board of certified shorthand reporters as defined in Appendix F “Valid certifications awarded by The National Court Reporters Association” (November 26, 2004).

"Communication access services" means services

§11-218-3

 

 

       

 

rendered by a provider to facilitate communication between the person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind and hearing consumers.  Communication access services include, but are not limited to, interpreter services, real-time captioning services, and computer-assisted notetaking services.

"Computer-assisted notetaker" means a person who provides computer-assisted notetaking services.

"Computer-assisted notetaking services" means services performed by a typist using a word processor on a computer.  The services provide a summary of a speaker's words or notes for situations such as a meeting or a group discussion.  The words are typed into a word processor and displayed onto a screen.  Computer-assisted notetaking services are distinguished from real-time captioning services in that the words are typed simultaneously but not necessarily verbatim and that stenographic equipment and skills are not involved.

"Credentials" means any certification or classification that is awarded to providers as defined in this section.

"Person who is Deaf or hard of hearing" means any person who, with or without amplification, cannot hear and understand spoken language.

"Person who is Deaf-blind" means any person who, with or without the assistance of hearing or visual aids, has both auditory and visual disabilities that interfere with communication.

"Hearing consumer" means any hearing individual that requires communication access services to communicate with persons who are deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind.

“HQAS” means the Hawaii Quality Assurance System, an interpreter screening instrument administered by the state screening agency.  Functional descriptions for HQAS levels are shown in Appendix B, “Functional Description of HQAS Levels” (July 21, 2005).

”HQAS +H” means the Hawaii Quality Assurance System in addition to the optional local Hawaii language competency test.

"Interpreter services" means services rendered by a locally-classified or nationally-certified

§11-218-3

 

 

 

 

interpreter as defined in this section.

"Nationally-certified interpreter" means any person who holds valid certificates or credentials awarded by the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc. (RID) or National Council on Interpreting (NCI), as defined in Appendix C “Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc. Description of RID Certifications” (November 26, 2004) or the National Association of the Deaf, Inc. (NAD) as defined in Appendix D, “National Association of the Deaf, Inc. Interpreter Assessment and Certification” (July 1, 2001).

        "Provider" means any provider of communication access services including, but not limited to, a nationally-certified interpreter, a state credentialed interpreter, a certified real-time captioner, or a computer-assisted notetaker.

"Real-time captioning services" means services performed by a certified real-time captioner in order to facilitate communication for persons who are deaf, hard of hearing, and deaf-blind.  The services provide simultaneous transcription of a speaker's words by using a stenographic machine, a computer, and real-time captioning software, and by projecting the words onto a screen.

"State agency" means any department, office, board, or commission of the State, or the University of Hawaii.

“State screening agency” means the disability and communication access board issuing credentials under the Hawaii Quality Assurance System which shall be honored statewide.

“State credentialed interepreter” means any person who holds valid HQAS credentials defined in Appendix B and awarded by the state screening agency.

[Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; am and comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp        7/23/07       ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

        §11-218-4  Credentials of providers.  (a) The credentials of providers shall be based on the level

and specialization determined by the national

§11-218-5.1

 

 

 

 

organizations or state screening agency which provide the credentials listed in §11-218-3.  The Board shall review criteria of the credentials awarded by national organizations and the state screening agency with input from the community.  Documentation of completion of sign language courses or interpreter training programs shall not be substituted for credentials listed in section 11-218-3.

(b) Currently there are no known national organizations or state screening agency that award credentials for computer-assisted notetakers.  It is recommended that the state agencies utilize persons who meet the following characteristics in order to provide computer-assisted notetaking services:  ability to organize and summarize information; ability to type at least 60 words per minute; familiarity with the subject being discussed; experience working with persons who are deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind; working knowledge of laptop computers and word-processing software; and good auditory, verbal, and spelling skills.  [Eff 5/17/91; comp 6/10/94; comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp   7/23/07     ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

        §11-218-5  Repealed.  [R 11/6/00]

 

 

§11-218-5.1  Fee schedule guidelines.  (a) State agencies hiring providers as independent contractors on a fee for service basis may negotiate fees with the provider.  Appendix A, "Recommended Fee Schedules for Providers March 16, 2006," located at the end of this chapter, is made a part of this chapter.  The hourly rates listed in Appendix A are recommended rates for providers used by state agencies for one-time, ad-hoc, or single units of service.  In addition, Appendix A includes recommendations for mileage, travel, and other allowable charges.

(b)  State agencies hiring providers as independent contractors for on-going or continuing assignments may negotiate fees and terms independent

§11-218-5.1

 

 

 

 

of the hourly rates shown in Appendix A.  This paragraph shall not be construed to supercede the provisions of section 11-218-8.

(c)  The Board shall review the recommended fee schedules, annually or as needed, with consideration of the current market value of those services as well as input from consumers, providers, and state agencies.  [Eff and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; am and comp                 

     7/23/07      ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-6  Cancellation of services.  Fees shall be determined in accordance with the time of cancellation of services:

(1)   For assignments less than two hours in duration, and if a cancellation notice is given at least twenty-four hours in advance,

no fee shall be assessed.  If the cancellation notice is given less than twenty-four hours in

advance, the full charge for the requested period shall be assessed.

(2)           For assignments two hours or more but less than four hours in duration, and if a cancellation notice is given at least forty-eight hours in advance, no fee shall be

assessed.  If the cancellation notice is given less than forty-eight hours in advance, the full charge for the requested period shall be assessed.

(3)           For assignments four hours or more in duration, and if a cancellation notice is given at least seventy-two hours in advance, no fee shall be assessed.  If the cancellation notice is given less than

seventy-two hours in advance, the minimum

two hour fee plus one-half of the fee for the remaining scheduled time shall be assessed.  If the cancellation notice is

        given less than forty-eight hours in advance, the full fee shall be assessed.

§11-218-8

 

 

 

 

(4)   If an essential person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind, or a hearing consumer of interpreting or other communication access services fails to appear, this shall be considered a cancellation and the provider hired for that assignment shall be paid the full fee for the requested period by the state agency.

(5)           If a provider fails to appear, no fee shall be paid by the state agency.

(6)   For assignments where two providers are scheduled and one fails to appear, the solo provider shall be paid the full fee plus 30 per cent of the hourly rate.  [Eff 5/17/91; comp 6/10/94; comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp   7/23/07      ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

        §11-218-7  Repealed.  [R 11/6/00]

 

 

        §11-218-7.1  Repealed.  [R 11/6/00]

 

 

        §11-218-7.2  Repealed.  [R 11/6/00]

 

 

§11-218-8  Provision of services.  (a)  Any person meeting any one of the definitions of nationally-certified or state credentialed interpreter, certified real-time captioner, or computer-assisted notetaker provided in section 11-218-3 may be hired as a provider of interpreter services, real-time captioning services, or computer-assisted notetaking services.

(b)  Any state agency shall acquire the services of a provider with the appropriate credentials when one is necessary for a person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind to effectively participate in an activity or program of that agency.  A state agency shall hire the preferred provider of the person who is

§11-218-8

 

 

 

 

deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind when possible. If

no preference is stated, providers with the highest level of credentials shall be hired first, followed by lesser levels of credentials, in the order listed in Appendix A.

(c)  For assignments of more than one and one-half hours in length, and with continuous work (for example, a workshop or meeting), the state agency shall request two providers for the total time of the assignment to actively work for alternate periods of twenty minutes each.  If only one provider is available and hired for an assignment with continuous work of more than one and one-half hours in length, the state agency shall ensure that the provider is given breaks as necessary or as negotiated prior to the assignment.

(d)  Any person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind shall inform the state agency of the need for communication access services, allowing reasonable time to hire providers.  [Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; am and comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp         

   7/23/07       ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-8.1  Role of a provider who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind.  If a person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind cannot benefit from conventional communication access services, then a team of two providers shall be hired upon request to ensure effective communication.  The second provider, who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind, would relay information between the consumer and the hearing provider, using a three-way communication.  [Eff and comp 11/6/00; comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp     7/23/07    ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-9  Rights of consumers to communication access services.  Any person meeting any one of the definitions of person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or

§11-218-12

 

 

 

 

definitions of person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind or hearing consumer as provided in section 11-218-3 shall be provided communication access services as requested in any program or activity of a state agency. Persons who are deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind who request communication access services for any program or activity may identify and request their preferred provider.  The requirement for credentials may be waived if the person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind indicates preference for someone who does not have credentials.  The state agency shall certify and document that the person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind specified a provider without credentials.  [Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; am and comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp      

    7/23/07      ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-9.5  Code of ethics.  Services of HQAS interpreters shall be rendered in a manner consistent with Appendix E, “The Hawaii Quality Assurance System Code of Ethics” (October 19, 2000). RID, NAD, NCRA, or NAD-RID NCI certified interpreters shall follow their respective code of ethics. Services shall be rendered by providers in a manner consistent with Appendix E, or their respective certification’s code of ethics. [Eff and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp   7/23/07    ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-10  Repealed.  [R 6/10/94]

 

 

§11-218-11  Repealed.  [R 6/10/94]

 

 

§11-218-12  Application and renewal of credentials.  Every application for credentials shall be made upon forms available from the appropriate national organizations or the state screening agency

§11-218-12

 

 

 

 

which provides credentials, as indicated in section 11-218-3.  Fees accompanying the application, if any, shall be set by these organizations.

It is the responsibility of the provider to maintain current credentials.  [Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; comp 10/13/05;   comp  7/23/07   ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-13  Validity of credentials.  The validity of credentials shall be based on criteria for maintenance of credentials established by the appropriate national organizations or the state agency which provides credentials as indicated in section 11-218-3.  It is the responsibility of the provider to furnish, upon request, documentation of credentials to the state agency when communication access services are contracted.  [Eff  5/17/91; am  and comp 6/10/94; comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; comp 10/13/05; comp   7/23/07     ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-13.4  Test Procedures and Grievances.  The HQAS shall be administered by the state screening agency. Candidate grievances shall be filed in writing to the the disability and communication access board executive director.  The disability and communication access board executive director shall reply in writing within 30 days.  If the candidate is not satisfied with the response of the executive director, then the candidate may request a reply from the disablity and communication access board.  The board shall consider all relevent comments and materials of record before taking final action.  [Eff and comp 10/13/05; comp              

   7/23/07     ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6] (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-13.5  Testing Fees.  The disability and communication access board shall establish a fee to be charged to each candidate applying for HQAS

§11-218-15

 

 

 

 

credentials.

(1)   Fees collected under this section shall be

deposited in the special fund.

(2)           Candidate fees shall be $200 for the

        combined HQAS test including the written

test, and interpreting/transliterating performance test.

(3)   Candidate fees shall be $200 for the HQAS+H

test.

(4)  Candidate fees shall be used to pay

for the costs of the independent evaluators’

services of the performance test.  If a

candidate wishes to appeal the test scores,

the candidate may request for a second set

of evaluations with the payment of a second

candidate fee.  [Eff and comp 12/24/01; am

and comp 10/13/05; am and comp  7/23/07

] (Auth:  HRS §§348F-7 to 348F-8) (Imp:  HRS §§348F-7 to 348F-8)

 

 

§11-218-14  Reciprocal recognition.  State agencies are encouraged to recognize and honor providers with current and valid credentials from jurisdictions other than the State of Hawaii for a period of six months or until a state screening or testing is conducted.  These credentials shall be considered current and valid if they were awarded not more than two years prior to the date of hire, unless otherwise indicated by the documentation of such credentials.  [Eff 5/17/91; am and comp 6/10/94; am and comp 4/3/97; am and comp 11/6/00; am and comp 12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; comp   7/23/07  ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)

 

 

§11-218-15  Severability.  If any provision of this chapter or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is for any reason held to be

unconstitutional or invalid, the remaining portion of these rules or the application thereof to any person or circumstance shall not be affected.”  [Eff 5/17/91; comp 6/10/94; comp 4/3/97; comp 11/6/00; comp

§11-218-15

 

 

 

 

12/24/01; am and comp 10/13/05; am and comp                

    7/23/07     ] (Auth:  HRS §348F-6) (Imp:  HRS §348F-3)


Appendix A                                                                Recommended Fee Schedules for Providers

 

 

Developed and approved by the

Disability and Communication Access Board

May 17, 2007

 

Recommended Fee Schedule for Interpreters

 

Credential Level

Hourly Rate per Interpreter

RID: CI and CT (holding both), CDI, CSC, or RSC, or

NAD Level V, or

HQAS Level V, or HQAS Level V+H

$45.00

RID either CI or CT, or

NAD Level IV, or

HQAS Level IV, or HQAS Level IV+H

$41.00

RID IC and IT (holding both), or

NAD Level III, or

HQAS Level III, or HQAS Level III+H

$30.00

RID either IC or IT, or

HQAS Level II, or HQAS Level II+H

$24.00

Interpreters holding no credential who have been requested and approved by the Person who is Deaf, Hard of Hearing or Deaf-Blind, including RID CDI-P.

$17.00

 

An interpreter possessing a National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Special Certificate or HQAS+H credential may be paid up to $10.00 more than the hourly rate for the interpreter’s credential level when interpreting in the particular situation identified on the certificate.  An interpreter who is skilled at close-vision or tactile interpreting may be paid up to $10.00 more than the hourly rate for the interpreter’s credential level when interpreting for a person who is deaf-blind.

 

Recommended Fee Schedule for Real-Time Captioners

 

Credential Level

RDR or RMR

CBC, CCP, CRR

CSR or RPR

Hourly Rate per Captioner

$80.00

$75.00

$65.00

 

Hourly rates shown are for real-time captioning services only.  Providers will supply use of basic equipment only including stenographic machine and laptop computer.  Providers may negotiate additional charges for additional display and telecommunications equipment.

 

A captioner may charge a fee not more than $1.00 per page if a hard copy of the unedited transcript is requested.

 

218-Appendix A-1

Appendix A                                                                Recommended Fee Schedules for Providers

 

Recommended Fee Schedule for

Computer-Assisted Notetakers

 

Hourly Rate per Computer-Assisted Notetaker

 

$18.00                     For situations that involve basic typing and notetaking skills. 

 

$20.00                     For situations that involve typing at length or that use specialized vocabulary and knowledge of the subject.

 

The provider may charge a fee of not more than fifty cents per page for an edited hard copy of the notes; or $5.00 for the dedicated disk if not provided by the agency.

 

Recommendations Regarding Travel Charges

Including Mileage and Parking

 

Providers who are independent contractors may be paid mileage for travel by private car both to and from the assignment at a rate of 44.5 cents per mile plus documented parking charges, if any.  Charges for travel time may be negotiated with the contractor for assignments that require travel in excess of one hour for a round trip. It is recommended that the state agency cover intrastate travel expenses for a provider when no appropriate provider is available on island where services are needed.

 

Recommendations Regarding Other Allowable Charges

 

When specialized services are required to provide effective communication, the state agency may negotiate additional fees for those specialized services.  The agency may contact DCAB for assistance in determining the reasonableness of additional fees and charges. Providers may negotiate additional fees for the use of specialized display equipment such as a monitor or overhead TV projector.

 

Recommendations Regarding Cancellation Guidelines

 

When communication access services are cancelled, fees payable to the provider are based on the length of the scheduled assignment and the cancellation time as shown in the chart below. (“Full Charges” means the fee payable for the full time of the assignment.)

 

Length of Assignment

Cancellation Time

Fees Payable

Less than 2 hours

At least 24 hours

None

Less than 2 hours

Less than 24 hours

Full Charges

2 to 4 hours

At least 48 hours

None

2 to 4 hours

Less than 48 hours

Full Charges

4 hours or more

At least 72 hours

None

4 hours or more

24 to 72 hours

Minimum of 2 hours plus half of the remaining scheduled time

4 hours or more

Less than 24 hours

Full Charges

218-Appendix A-2


Failure to appear by an essential person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or deaf-blind or an essential person who is hearing is considered a cancellation and fees are payable to the provider as shown.  Failure to appear by a communication access provider is not a cancellation and no fees are payable to the provider who fails to appear. For assignments where two providers are scheduled and one fails to appear, the solo provider shall be paid the full fee plus 30 per cent of the hourly rate.

 

218-Appendix A-3

 


Appendix B                                                                                                                                        HQAS Levels

Functional Description of HQAS Levels

July 21, 2005

Level V is a master level interpreter-transliterator. This interpreter can function expressively and receptively in virtually all situations. A person holding a Level V credential should be pursuing national certification.  While no restrictions are indicated, this interpreter demonstrates professional judgement in accepting assignments.

HQAS V+H is an interpreter-transliterator who satisfactorily met the requirements for local Hawaii language competency in addition to the requirements defined for the Level V credential.

(Expires 5 years after the date of issue.)

Level IV is an accomplished interpreter-transliterator. This interpreter can function expressively and receptively in most complex and technical situations. A Level IV interpreter may accept assignments for one-on-one and group sessions, as well as workshops and platform assignments.  This interpreter is qualified for most medical and dental appointments, and limited legal interpreting, including client/lawyer meetings, and traffic or small claims court.

A Level IV interpreter should be pursuing continuing professional education or national certification. A Level IV interpreter should avoid critical medical situations, criminal court and civil court jury trials.

HQAS IV+H is an interpreter-transliterator who satisfactorily met the requirements for local Hawaii language competency in addition to the requirements defined for the Level IV credential.

(Expires 5 years after the date of issue.)

Level III is an intermediate level interpreter-transliterator.  Level III is the lowest level receiving a credential as a qualified interpreter. This interpreter may accept assignments for many group sessions and workshops and most one-on-one situations.  A Level III interpreter should be actively involved in professional development efforts.

An interpreter holding a Level III credential should not accept assignments for legal, mental health, or critical medical situations.

HQAS III+H is an interpreter-transliterator who satisfactorily met the requirements for local Hawaii language competency in addition to the requirements defined for the Level III credential.

(Expires 2 years after the date of issue.)

Level II is an entry-level communication assistant. The Level II communication assistant will be able to interpret during orientation sessions and basic tutoring sessions.  A Level II communication assistant may accept assignments where communication can be interpreted consecutively in one on one situations, limited group sessions and workshops; and may accept limited platform assignments when accompanied and supervised by a qualified mentor.

A person holding a Level II credential should not accept assignments for legal, mental health, medical, employment interviews or critical situations of any nature.

HQAS II+H is an entry-level communication assistant who satisfactorily met the requirements for local Hawaii language competency in addition to the requirements defined for the Level II credential.

(Expires 2 years after the date of issue.)

 

218-Appendix B-1


Appendix B                                                                                                                                        HQAS Levels

 

Level I is a beginner level candidate.  A Level I candidate is not considered qualified for professional assignments. This candidate may provide limited interpreting in low risk situations as an unpaid apprentice when accompanied by a qualified mentor. Further professional development is required prior to reevaluation.

HQAS I+H is a beginner level candidate who satisfactorily met the requirements for local Hawaii language competency.

 (No credential is issued.)

 

 

218-Appendix B-2


Appendix C     &n