Recent GAO reports

From the Government Accountability Office (GAO):

HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: More Rigorous Up-front Analysis Could Better Secure Potential Benefits and Protect the Public Interest, GAO-08-44 (pdf, 96pp/1.24 MB), Feb. 8, 2008

Highway public-private partnerships show promise as a viable alternative, where appropriate, to help meet growing and costly transportation demands. The public sector can acquire new infrastructure or extract value from existing infrastructure while potentially sharing with the private sector the risks associated with designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining public infrastructure. However, highway public-private partnerships are not a panacea for meeting all transportation system demands, nor are they without potentially substantial costs and risks to the public--both financial and nonfinancial--and trade-offs must be made.....There is no "free" money in highway public-private partnerships.

HEAD START: A More Comprehensive Risk Management Strategy and Data Improvements Could Further Strengthen Program Oversight, GAO-08-221 (pdf, 41pp/632kB), Feb. 12, 2008

This report focuses on the Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS) Administration for Children and Families' (ACF) oversight of the Head Start program in which 1,600 local organizations receive $7 billion in grants from ACF. GAO recommends that ACF establish better criteria to spot underperforming grantees, to improve the reliability of its data, and to reduce improper payments.


HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: HHS Is Pursuing Efforts to Advance Nationwide Implementation, but Has Not Yet Completed a National Strategy, GAO-08-499T (pdf, 17pp/228kB), Feb. 14, 2008

In 2004 Pres. Bush established the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) with HHS. The key areas of national health IT activities are electronic health records, standardization, networking and information exchange, and health information privacy and security.


STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE: Options to Improve the Cost-Effectiveness of Filling the Reserve, GAO-08-521T (pdf, 15pp/216kB), Feb. 26, 2008

The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) was established in 1975. The SPR currently has almost 700 million barrels of crude oil, about 56 days of oil imports, in Texas and Louisiana. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, P.L. 109-58 (pdf, 551pp.), authorized the Department of Energy (DOE) to increase the SPR to 1 billion barrels by 2018. GAO recommends that DOE consider flexible, cost-effective ways when making fill decisions.

Recent GAO reports

From the Government Accountability Office (GAO):

LONG-TERM FISCAL OUTLOOK: Action Is Needed to Avoid the Possibility of a Serious Economic Disruption in the Future, GAO-08-411T (pdf, 21pp/376kB), January 29, 2008

In testimony by the Comptroller General, 3 key points:

• The federal budget is on an imprudent and unsustainable path
• Rapidly rising health care costs are our nation's number one fiscal challenge
• The window of opportunity for action is shrinking as the first baby boomers retire and begin tapping into Social Security and Medicare

STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: Growing Fiscal Challenges Will Emerge during the Next 10 Years, GAO-08-317 (pdf, 78pp/716kB), January 22, 2008

As is true for the federal sector, the growth in health-related expenditures is the primary driver of the fiscal challenges facing the state and local government sector. In particular, two types of state and local expenditures will likely rise quickly. The first is Medicaid expenditures, and the second is expenditures by these governments for health insurance for state and local employees and retirees.

ELDERLY VOTERS: Some Improvements in Voting Accessibility from 2000 to 2004 Elections, but Gaps in Policy and Implementation Remain, GAO-08-442T (pdf, 30pp/792kB), January 31, 2008

This report covers voting accessibility by seniors and the disabled, specifically getting to polling places and being able to cast votes once they arrive. Besides impediments to wheelchair users, the forms of ballots, type size of voting instructions, and lack of ballots with audio-tape or braille ballots may affect access. GAO noted an increase in states' providing alternative voting methods such as early voting, absentee voting without medical certification, curbside voting, allowing voters to go to more accessible polling places, and taking ballots to a voter's residence. Some election officials reported that early and absentee voting added to the "cost and complexity" of elections.


BILINGUAL VOTING ASSISTANCE: Selected Jurisdictions' Strategies for Identifying Needs and Providing Assistance, GAO-08-182 (pdf, 86pp/2.8MB), January 18, 2008

This study was mandated by the "Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006," P.L. 109-246 (pdf, 5pp.), section 9, regarding the implementation of section 203 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Section 203 is codified at 42 USC 1973b(f). GAO gathered information from 14 of the 296 jurisdictions required to provide bilingual voting assistance. It found that evaluating the effectiveness of these programs is difficult, therefore the extent to which they are helpful to language minority voters is unknown.

End-of-life care

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report on end-of-life care in four states: Arizona, Florida, Oregon, and Wisconsin. GAO relied on studies from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to identify six key components of end-of-life care:

• Care management to coordinate service delivery
• Services to assist individuals in noninstitutional settings
• Pain and symptom management
• Family and caregiver support
• Communication among individuals, families, and program staff
• Assistance with advance care planning

GAO interviewed providers of the following programs in the four states that incorporate these key components: Program of All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), Arizona Long Term Care System (ALTCS), Wisconsin Partnership Program (WPP), and palliative care programs.

End-of-Life Care: Key Components Provided by Programs in Four States, GAO-08-66 (pdf, 27pp/364kB), December 14, 2007 (released Jan. 14, 2008)

Recent GAO reports

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Status of Efforts to Address a Range of Funding and Governance Challenges, GAO-08-250T (pdf, 32pp/1MB), December 12, 2007

This testimony by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a follow-up to its September 2007 report, Smithsonian Institution: Funding Challenges Affect Facilities' Conditions and Security, Endangering Collections, GAO-07-1127 (pdf, 90pp/2.7MB). The testimony focuses on three areas: (1) the Smithsonian's real property management efforts, (2) the Smithsonian's strategies to fund its revitalization, construction, and maintenance projects, and (3) governance changes made by the Smithsonian's Board of Regents.


PRIVATE PENSIONS: Low Defined Contribution Plan Savings May Pose Challenges to Retirement Security, Especially for Many Low-Income Workers, GAO-08-8 (pdf, 65pp/1MB), November 29, 2007

Based on the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), the latest available, GAO found: (1) only 36 percent of workers participated in a defined contribution (DC) plan; (2) the median account balance was $22,800; and (3) recent regulatory and legislative changes could promote DC plan coverage, participation, and savings.


AVIATION RUNWAY AND RAMP SAFETY: Sustained Efforts to Address Leadership, Technology, and Other Challenges Needed to Reduce Accidents and Incidents, GAO-08-29 (pdf, 92pp/5.3MB), November 20, 2007

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is implementing the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) to handle increased volumes of air traffic. At airports, FAA provides safety oversight on runways while oversight of ramp areas is handled by airlines and the airports. GAO cites insufficient data hindering progress in promoting safety in these areas. GAO also faults the FAA's Office of Runway Safety for not fulfilling its leadership role. Among GAO's recommendations is to address air traffic controller overtime and fatigue issues.


DIGITAL TELEVISION TRANSITION: Increased Federal Planning and Risk Management Could Further Facilitate the DTV Transition, GAO-08-43 (pdf, 54pp/1.3MB), November 19, 2007

The Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 requires all television stations to stop analog broadcasting by Feb. 17, 2009, and transition to digital television (DTV). The act also requires the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to subsidize consumers' purchases of digital-to-analog converter boxes. GAO reports on the progress made in (1) facilitating the transition, (2) educating consumers, and (3) implementing the converter box subsidy program.

DIGITAL TELEVISION TRANSITION: Questions on the DTV Converter Box Subsidy Program and a DTV Inter-Agency Task Force, GAO-08-297R (pdf, 5pp/100kB), November 19, 2007

In the subsidy program, GAO sees "challenges" such as the readiness of retailers to accept coupons, issues relating to inventory planning, and especially the coordination of NTIA, its contractor IBM, converter box manufacturers, retailers, and consumers.

Recent GAO reports

BIOFUELS: DOE Lacks a Strategic Approach to Coordinate Increasing Production with Infrastructure Development and Vehicle Needs, GAO-07-713 (pdf, 56pp/1.4MB), June 8, 2007

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) found limited progress in the production and distribution of biofuels. Some of the challenges:

• in 2006 the wholesale price of ethanol was 33 percent higher than gasoline
• whether the rail industry, by which biofuels are generally transported, can meet the growing demand
• in early 2007, only 1 percent of U.S. fueling stations offered E85
• for flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) to have an impact on biofuel use, E85 must become less expensive and more widely available.

GAO recommends that the Dept. of Energy (DOE) develop a comprehensive strategy for increasing biofuels and vehicle production and developing biofuel infrastructure.

Related FR posts:
     Ethanol - 100 billion gallons by 2025? 8-23-06
     Ethanol - background and policy issues, 3-9-06


AVIAN INFLUENZA: USDA Has Taken Important Steps to Prepare for Outbreaks, but Better Planning Could Improve Response GAO-07-652, (pdf, 60pp/3.2MB), June 11, 2007

GAO reports on steps the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) has taken for outbreaks of a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza (AI), H5N1. For this study, GAO visited 5 states (California, Delaware, Maryland, Texas, and Virginia) that have experienced outbreaks in the last 5 years. Since the Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for emergency planning and response, GAO urges USDA and DHS to better coordinate their roles and responsibilities.


INFLUENZA PANDEMIC: Efforts to Forestall Onset Are Under Way; Identifying Countries at Greatest Risk Entails Challenges, GAO-07-604 (pdf, 78pp/3.5MB), June 20, 2007

According to GAO, the risks of avian influenza causing an influenza pandemic in humans depend on a country's environmental and preparedness risk factors: the presence of AI in that country or a neighboring country, and high-risk poultry farming practices, and the capacity to control outbreaks.

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has categorized countries by level of risk.

Related FR post:      Pandemic flu effects - from macro to you


SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS: Use is Widespread and Protection Could Be Improved GAO-07-1023T (pdf, 18pp/260kB), June 21, 2007

This testimony addresses: (1) use of SSNs by government agencies, (2) use of SSNs by the private sector, and (3) vulnerabilties that remain to protecting SSNs. It notes that in April 2007, the President's Identity Theft Task Force released a strategic plan to combat identity theft.

Federal R&D

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) each recently issued a report relating to federally funded research and development. The CBO report looks at federal support generally for R&D, while the GAO report analyzes the dissemination of research from three agencies.

According to the CBO report, in FY2007 $137 billion was budgeted for federal R&D, and tax preferences have provided incentives for R&D in the private sector. The report reviews trends in federal R&D support, assesses the government's role in R&D, evaluates the results of federal R&D funding, and looks at tax preferences for R&D.

In light of concerns that some researchers are being restricted from sharing their findings on controversial topics, the GAO report examines the policies for dissemination of research of three agencies: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Dissemination occurs through such avenues as publications, presentations, press releases, and media interviews, the latter two being more problematic. GAO recommends clarifying media policies, ensuring an appeals process for dissemination decisions, and providing training for those policies.

Federal Support for Research and Development (pdf, 42pp/824kB, from CBO), June 2007

FEDERAL RESEARCH: Policies Guiding the Dissemination of Scientific Research from Selected Agencies Should Be Clarified and Better Communicated, GAO-07-653 (pdf, 102pp/2.93MB, from GAO), May 17, 2007 (released June 18, 2007)

Recent GAO reports

INTERNET ACCESS TAX MORATORIUM: Revenue Impacts Will Vary by State GAO-07-896T (pdf, 28pp/624kB), May 23, 2007

In 1998, Congress passed the Internet Tax Freedom Act (P.L. 105-277, Title XI, 112 Stat. 2681-719 et seq.), temporarily barring taxes by state and local governments on Internet access. GAO testified, "Because it is difficult to know what states would have done to tax Internet access services if no moratorium had existed, the total revenue implications of the moratorium are unclear." Bills have been introduced in Congress this year to make the moratorium permanent.

PEDIATRIC DRUG RESEARCH: The Study and Labeling of Drugs for Pediatric Use under the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act GAO-07-898T (pdf, 18pp/296kB), May 22, 2007

According to GAO, two-thirds of drugs prescribed for children have not been studied for pediatric use. Under the 2002 Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA), if manufacturers of drugs that are still on-patent (have marketing exclusivity) conduct pediatric studies at the requst of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), FDA may extend the exclusivity period (no equivalent generic drugs to be marketed) for 6 months. GAO presents testimony on the drug studies conducted under BPCA for on-patent and off-patent drugs, and the impact of BPCA on the labeling of pediatric drugs.

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Preliminary Analysis of Changes to and Trends in FTA's New Starts and Small Starts Programs GAO-07-812T (pdf, 30pp/496kB), May 10, 2007

In 2005, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) was signed into law. It authorized the New Starts program in which the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) recommends funding for new fixed-guideway transit projects. New Starts spawned a separate program called Small Starts for smaller transit projects. GAO discusses changes in New Starts and future trends for New Starts and Small Starts.

TEACHER QUALITY: Approaches, Implementation, and Evaluation of Key Federal Efforts GAO-07-861T (pdf, 17pp/224kB), May 17, 2007

Title II of both the 1998 amendments to the Higher Education Act (HEA) and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) provided funds for professional development and recruitment. This testimony discusses activities under the two acts, how the Dept. of Education (Education) supports these activities, and how funds are being used.

Recent GAO reports

CLIMATE CHANGE: Financial Risks to Federal and Private Insurers in Coming Decades are Potentially Significant GAO-07-760T (pdf, 22pp/272kB), April 19, 2007

The above testimony was based on the report below that was released on the same date:

CLIMATE CHANGE: Financial Risks to Federal and Private Insurers in Coming Decades Are Potentially Significant, GAO-07-285 (pdf, 74pp/1.3MB), March 16, 2007

Insurance costs of most weather-related damages are borne by private insurers and two federal programs: the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC). For this report, GAO was asked to (1) describe how climate change may affect future weather-related losses, (2) determine past insured weather-related losses, and (3) determine what major private insurers and federal insurers are doing to prepare for potential increases in such losses.


ELECTIONS: All Levels of Government Are Needed to Address Electronic Voting System Challenges, GAO-07-741T (pdf, 55pp/852kB), April 18, 2007

GAO addresses four issues relating to voting systems: (1) contextual role and characteristics of electronic voting systems, (2) security and reliability concerns reported about these systems, (3) experiences and management practices of states and local jusrisdictions regarding these systems, and (4) longstanding and emerging intergovernmental challenges using these systems.

Discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002 which, among other things, established the Election Assistance Commission (EAC) for election reform.


TITLE INSURANCE: Actions Needed to Improve Oversight of the Title Industry and Better Protect Consumers, GAO-07-401 (pdf, 74pp/1.25MB), April 13, 2007

The report examines (1) the characteristics of title insurance markets across states, (2) factors influencing competition and prices within those markets, and (3) the current regulatory environment and planned regulatory changes.

GAO reviewed laws and market practices in 6 states: California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, New York, and Texas.


OLDER DRIVER SAFETY: Knowledge Sharing Should Help States Prepare for Increase in Older Driver Population, GAO-07-413 (pdf, 60pp/3.6MB), April 11, 2007

GAO looks at (1) federal government actions in promoting practices to make roads safer for older drivers and states' implementation of those practices, (2) states' assessment of fitness of older drivers and the support provided by the federal government, and (3) initiatives selected states have implemented for older driver safety. Case studies were done in 6 states considered progressive in improving older driver safety--California, Florida, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, and Oregon.


FIRST RESPONDERS: Much Work Remains to Improve Communications Interoperability, GAO-07-301 (pdf, 75pp/1.5MB), April 2, 2007

In this report, communications interoperability refers to "the capability of different electronic communications systems to readily connect with each other and thus enable timely communications." Communications interoperability among first responders (emergency personnel such as firefighters, police officers, and ambulance services) is vital. From 2003 through 2005, the Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS) granted $2.15 billion in funding to states and localities to improve communications interoperability.

GAO's objectives in this study were to determine (1) how much DHS funding and technical assistance have helped to improve interoperable communications in selected states, and (2) the progress made in the development and implementation of interoperable communications standards.

Discusses the SAFECOM program of DHS, which provides interoperability assistance to emergency response agencies, and Project 25 (Wikipedia), a set of national standards for radio communications.

Recent GAO reports

Budget

Long-Term Budget Outlook: Deficits Matter--Saving Our Future Requires Tough Choices Today, GAO-07-389T, January 23, 2007
      Abstract (html)    Testimony (pdf, 24pp/308kB)

      Main points of testimony by the Comptroller General:

• The current financial condition in the United States is worse than is widely understood.
• The current fiscal path is both imprudent and unsustainable.
• Improvements in information and processes are needed and can help.
• Meeting the long-term fiscal challenge will require (1) significant entitlement reform to change the path of those programs; (2) reprioritizing, restructuring and constraining other spending programs; and (3) more revenues--hopefully through a reformed tax system.
• This will take bipartisan cooperation and compromise.

Drugs

Prescription Drugs: An Overview of Approaches to Negotiate Drug Prices Used by Other Countries and U.S. Private Payers and Federal Programs, GAO-07-358T, January 11, 2007
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/68kB)    Report (pdf, 21pp/252kB)

• Other countries limit their drug purchase costs by such means as: establishing maximum prices manufacturers may charge; using local or international price comparisons of drugs in a therapeutically similar group to establish a single or maximum price; limiting a manufacturer's profits per product or within a specified period of time.
• U.S. private payers generally contract with pharmacy benefit managers to manage prescription drug benefits.
• While adhering to U.S. laws and health care delivery, federal programs utilize elements common to approaches used by other countries and by private payers.

Medicaid Outpatient Drugs: Estimated 2007 Federal Upper Limits for Reimbursement Compared with Retail Pharmacy Acquisition Costs, GAO-07-239R, December 22, 2006
      Abstract (html)    Report (pdf, 31pp/820kB)

      Discusses the new methodology for calculating the federal upper limit (FUL) for drugs, the maximum that state Medicaid programs may receive in federal matching funds for reimbursements. Previously 150 percent of the lowest price for a drug, from Jan. 1, 2007, a drug's FUL will be based on the average manufacturer price.

Education

Highlights of a GAO Forum: Global Competitiveness: Implications for the Nation's Higher Education System, GAO-07-135SP, January 23, 2007
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/68kB)    Report (pdf, 26pp/7.2MB)

Steps the U.S. needs to take to continue to attract talented international students:

• Develop a national strategic plan - to recruit students and improve coordination among the federal government and other organizations as well as with students.
• Consider changes to the U.S. immigration system.
• Explore new sources of students, such as developing countries.

Poverty

Poverty in America: Economic Research Shows Adverse Impacts on Health Status and Other Social Conditions as well as the Economic Growth Rate, GAO-07-344, January 24, 2007
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/56kB)    Report (pdf, 35pp/436kB)

      GAO was asked to review economic literature on the links between (1) poverty and adverse social conditions, such as poor health, crime, and participation in the labor force, and (2) poverty and economic growth.

Recent GAO reports

Education

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT: Education's Data Improvement Efforts Could Strengthen the Basis for Distributing Title III Funds GAO-07-140, December 7, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/92kB)    Report (pdf 57pp/1.7MB)
      Title III of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) provides for the education of students with limited English proficiency.

POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION: Multiple Tax Preferences and Title IV Student Aid Programs Create a Complex Education Financing Environment GAO-07-262T, December 5, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/76kB)   Testimony (pdf, 41pp/1MB)
      Compares postsecondary student aid under Title IV of the Higher Education Act with tax preferences such as the Hope Credit.

Eminent Domain

EMINENT DOMAIN: Information about Its Uses and Effect on Property Owners and Communities Is Limited GAO-07-28, November 30, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/60kB)   Report (pdf, 58p/932kB)
      Includes general information on post-Kelo (pdf, 58pp/412kB) legislation enacted by 29 states, from June 23, 2005, through July 31, 2006.
      See earlier FR post, Jan. 06

Financial Management

FINANCIAL LITERACY AND EDUCATION COMMISSION: Further Progress Needed to Ensure an Effective National Strategy GAO-07-100, December 4, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/60kB)   Report (pdf, 54pp/740kB)
      Discusses the National Strategy for Financial Literacy.

Health

NEW DRUG DEVELOPMENT: Science, Business, Regulatory, and Intellectual Property Issues Cited as Hampering Drug Development Efforts, GAO-07-49, November 17, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/100kB)   Report (pdf, 52pp/1MB)
      Addresses concerns that new drug applications (NDAs) for new molecular entities (NMEs) have declined since 1996.
      See related FR post, Oct. 06

Recent GAO reports

Prevalence of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Dating Violence, and Stalking, GAO-07-148R, November 13, 2006
      Report (pdf, 54pp/644kB)
      The Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-162 (pdf, 177pp/596kB), requires GAO to do a study on (1) data measuring domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, and (2) services for victims. This report addresses (1); (2) is in process.

HIGHER EDUCATION: More Information Could Help Education Determine the Extent to Which Eligible Servicemembers Serving on Active Duty Benefited from Relief Provided by Lenders and Schools, GAO-07-11, November 1, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/92kB)   Report (pdf, 48pp/1.35MB)
      The Dept. of Education has no plans to complete a study it was required to do on the extent to which servicemembers are benefiting from the Higher Education Relief Opportunities for Students (HEROES) Act of 2003, P.L. 108-76 (pdf, 6pp/36kB), because of the cost of the study's design and Education's inadequate data systems, but GAO recommends that the study be done.

IMPROPER PAYMENTS: Agencies' Fiscal Year 2005 Reporting under the Improper Payments Information Act Remains Incomplete, GAO-07-92, November 14, 2006
      Highlights (pdf, 1p/72kB)   Report (pdf, 83pp/1.13MB)
      FY2005 was the second year for executive agencies to report improper payments (payments that should not have been made or made in an incorrect amount) under the Improper Payments Information Act of 2002, P.L. 107-300 (pdf, 2pp/28kB).

TAX ADMINISTRATION: Most Filing Season Services Continue to Improve, but Opportunities Exist for Additional Savings, GAO-07-27, November 15, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 1p/228kB)   Report (pdf, 62pp/2.35MB)
     GAO reviewed performance of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in services and cost savings, and the status of the Taxpayer Assistance Blueprint (TAB), IRS's "long-term strategy" for cost-effective taxpayer services.

Recent GAO reports

CHILD WELFARE: Improving Social Service Program, Training, and Technical Assistance Information Would Help Address Long-standing Service-Level and Workforce Challenges, GAO-07-75, October 6, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 1p/80kB) Full report (pdf, 56pp/1.3MB)
     Most state agencies identified 3 primary challenges: providing adequate mental health and substance abuse services for both parents and children; high caseloads; and finding homes for children with special needs.

FOOD STAMP TRAFFICKING: FNS Could Enhance Program Integrity by Better Targeting Stores Likely to Traffic and Increasing Penalties, GAO-07-53, October 13, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 1p/336kB) Full report (pdf, 41pp/2.8MB)
     The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) replaced paper coupons in the Food Stamp Program (FSP) with electronic benefit transfer (EBT) cards, but retailer fraud continues.

HEALTH PROFESSIONAL SHORTAGE AREAS: Problems Remain with Primary Care Shortage Area Designation System, GAO-07-84, October 24, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 1p/68kB) Full report (pdf, 66pp/1.75MB
     Federal programs use the health professional shortage area (HPSA) designation to allocate resources or provide benefits to geographic areas, population groups, and facilities.

Retirement Challenges in the 21st Century, GAO-07-125CG, October 10, 2006
     Slide-show presentation (pdf, 46pp/640kB) by David M. Walker, Comptroller General, at the annual International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans (IFEBP) conference, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Recent GAO reports

Education

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT: Education Actions Needed to Improve Implementation and Evaluation of Supplemental Educational Services, GAO-06-1121T, September 21, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 59KB, 1p.) Full testimony (pdf, 494KB, 27p.)
     Discusses Supplemental Educational Services (SES) in schools receiving Title I funds.

Elderly

GUARDIANSHIPS: Little Progress in Ensuring Protection for Incapacitated Elderly People, GAO-06-1086T, September 7, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.) Full testimony (pdf, 188KB, 17p.)
     Updates a 2004 GAO report.

Mortgages

ALTERNATIVE MORTGAGE PRODUCTS: Impact on Defaults Remains Unclear, but Disclosure of Risks to Borrowers Could Be Improved, GAO-06-1112T, September 20, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.) Full testimony (pdf, 564KB, 16p.)

ALTERNATIVE MORTGAGE PRODUCTS: Impact on Defaults Remains Unclear, but Disclosure of Risks to Borrowers Could Be Improved, GAO-06-1021, September 19, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.) Full report (pdf, 1.6MB, 64p.)
     Report and testimony discuss risks of interest-only, adjustable rate mortgages for less sophisticated borrowers.

Social Security

SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM: Implications of Different Indexing Choices, GAO-06-804, September 14, 2006
     Highlights (pef, 56KB, 1p.) Full report (pdf, 1MB, 74p.)
     Analyzes the role of indexing in Social Security's long-term solvency as well as income adequacy and benefit equity.

Recent GAO reports

Disaster Management

CATASTROPHIC DISASTERS: Enhanced Leadership, Capabilities, and Accountability Controls Will Improve the Effectiveness of the Nation's Preparedness, Response, and Recovery System, GAO-06-618, September 6, 2006
     Highlights, (pdf, 60KB, 1p.) Full report (pdf, 2.7MB, 147p.)
     Reviews lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina.

Elections

ELECTIONS: DOD Expands Voting Assistance to Military Absentee Voters, but Challenges Remain, GAO-06-1134T, September 28, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 64KB, 1p.) Full testimony (pdf, 424KB, 26p.)
     Covers the Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP).

Environment

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION: USDA Should Improve Its Process for Allocating Funds to States for the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, GAO-06-969, September 22, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.) Full report (pdf, 892KB, 62p.)
     Hawaii's EQIP funding for FY2006 is $7.5 million.

CLIMATE CHANGE: Federal Agencies Should Do More to Make Funding Reports Clearer and Encourage Progress on Two Voluntary Programs, GAO-06-1126T, September 27, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 64KB, 1p.) Full testimony (pdf, 464KB, 21p.)
     The two voluntary programs are Climate Leaders and Climate VISION.

ENDANGERED SPECIES: Many Factors Affect the Length of Time to Recover Select Species, GAO-06-730, September 6, 2006
     Highlights (pdf, 57KB, 1p.) Full report (pdf, 726KB, 77p.)
     Covers 31 species nearing recovery.

Cybersecurity - Homeland Security's role

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) recently testified before two House subcommittees on the role of the Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS) in cybersecurity and recovery from Internet disruptions. Under the Homeland Security Act of 2002, PL 107-296 (pdf, 187p.), and federal policy, DHS is responsible for the security of the nation's cyberspace, which includes Internet recovery. GAO sees DHS impeded in fulfilling its role as the government's focal point in both areas.

Cybersecurity. DHS has made progress in 13 key cybersecurity reponsibilities, e.g., the release of its National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) in June 2006, but none have been completely met. GAO sees DHS facing "a particular challenge in attaining the organizational stability and leadership it needs to gain the trust of the stakeholders in the cybersecurity world" - government as well as the private sector.

Internet recovery. GAO was asked to summarize its earlier report on this subject. It found that DHS has begun initiatives on a public/private recovery plan but its efforts are neither complete nor comprehensive. Key challenges include: (1) diffuse control of the Internet's many networks, (2) lack of consensus on DHS's role, (3) legality of DHS's ability to restore Internet service, (4) reluctance of the private sector to share information, and (5) again, leadership and organizational problems.

Critical Infrastructure Protection: DHS Leadership Needed to Enhance Cybersecurity, GAO-06-1087T, September 13, 2006
      Full testimony (pdf, 160KB, 24p.)
      Highlights (pdf, 44KB, 1p.)
      Abstract (html)

Internet Infrastructure: Challenges in Developing a Public/Private Recovery Plan, GAO-06-1100T, September 13, 2006
      Full testimony (pdf, 144KB, 26p.)
      Highlights (pdf, 44KB, 1p.)
      Abstract (html)

Earlier GAO report:
Internet Infrastructure: DHS Faces Challenges in Developing a Joint Public/Private Recovery Plan, GAO-06-672 (pdf, 2.5MB, 81p.), June 16, 2006

Boomer retirement - no market meltdown

Scenario: The first wave of baby boomers will turn 62 and become eligible for Social Security in 2008; they will strain our health and retirement systems; they will sell off financial assets to a smaller pool of workers, thereby depressing prices and rates of return. How likely is the last? Not very, according to a report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Why? Most boomers have few assets to sell, and the minority that owns a lot will need to sell little, if any. If boomers follow the pattern of current retirees, they will spend down their assets slowly. Longer life expectancy and working past traditional retirement ages will also spread out the sale of assets.

What are the "broader risks"? GAO notes the decline in traditional defined benefit pensions and Social Security's uncertain solvency. So, individuals' financial literacy will be vital for a secure retirement.

Among the sources GAO consulted for this study were the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), sponsored by the Federal Reserve Board (Fed), and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), produced by the University of Michigan and sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (NIA).

BABY BOOM GENERATION: Retirement of Baby Boomers Is Unlikely to Precipitate Dramatic Decline in Market Returns, but Broader Risks Threaten Retirement Security, GAO-06-718, July 28, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 1.1MB, 70p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 84KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Related FR posts:

• Older workers - a better future?
• Pensions as time bombs

NCLB - Measuring progress

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) requires that states (1) improve students' academic performance so that they achieve reading and math proficiency by 2014, and (2) close achievement gaps between high- and low-performing students. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) recently did a study on how states measure schools' academic achievement, or adequate yearly progress (AYP), in meeting these goals. States now set annual targets using status models that calculate test scores 1 year at a time. In addition to status models, 26 states use growth models that measure changes in test scores over time. Another 22 states, Hawaii among them, are considering implementing growth models. In its report, GAO assesses states' use of growth models, whether they achieve NCLB goals, and how the Department of Education (Education) is assisting states in using growth models.

The House Committee on Education and the Workforce asked GAO to testify on its report. The testimony was released on July 27.

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT: States Face Challenges Measuring Academic Growth That Education's Initiatives May Help Address, GAO-06-661, July 17, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 2MB, 54p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 372KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT: States Face Challenges Measuring Academic Growth, GAO-06-948T, July 27, 2006, Testimony (pdf, 1MB, 24p.)

Related FR posts:

• Report card on NCLB, year 4
• No Child, "a product of negotiation, not law"

See Hawaii Dept. of Education (DOE) AYP news release, July 20, 2006

Paperwork reduction?

A major goal of the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) is to minimize the burden of Americans providing information to federal agencies while maximizing the public benefit of the information collected. Under PRA, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is required to approve all information collections and to make an annual PRA report, the Information Collection Budget (pdf, 140p.). The Government Accountability Office (GAO) presented testimony, released July 18, on OMB's annual report on estimates of agencies' paperwork burden and on a May 2005 GAO report on PRA processes and compliance.

GAO testified on OMB's report that paperwork burden increased 5.5 percent to 8.4 billion hours in FY2005. "Nearly all this increase is the result of the implementation of new statutes. For example, there was an increase of about 224 million hours from the implementation of voluntary prescription drug coverage under Medicare." OMB expects an increase of 250 million hours in the burden estimate of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for FY2006 because of a new model for estimating, but it will not affect the burden on taxpayers.

PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT: Increase in Estimated Burden Hours Highlights Need for New Approach, GAO-06-974T, July 18, 2006
     Full testimony (pdf, 448KB, 36p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT: New Approach May Be Needed to Reduce Government Burden on Public GAO-05-424 (pdf, 1.3MB, 82p.), May 20, 2005

Developing geothermal energy

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today released testimony presented in the Senate on the future of geothermal energy in the U.S. The testimony was based on a GAO report issued in May.

The testimony notes, "In the United States, geothermal resources are concentrated in Alaska, Hawaii, and the western half of the country, primarily on public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)." Also,

Geothermal resources currently account for about 0.3 percent of the annual electricity produced in the United States, or 2,534 megawatts--enough electricity to supply 2.5 million homes. Even though the percentage of electricity generated from geothermal resources is small nationwide, it is locally important. For example, geothermal resources provide about 25 percent of Hawaii's electricity, 5 percent of California's electricity, and 9 percent of northern Nevada's electricity.

Not only do geothermal resources currently play only a small energy role, developing these resources involves "significant financial, technical, and logistical challenges." The Energy Policy Act of 2005, P.L. 109-58 (pdf), attempted to address some of these issues with provisions for tax credits, clean renewable energy bonds, transmission facilities, and incentive-based rates for electricity in interstate commerce. Because several of the Act's major provisions require implementation by agencies in the Dept. of the Interior (DOI), the testimony concludes that the future of the nation's geothermal energy depends on these agencies' actions.

RENEWABLE ENERGY: Increased Geothermal Development Will Depend on Overcoming Many Challenges, GAO-06-930T, July 11, 2006
     Full testimony (pdf, 276KB, 19p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 136KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

RENEWABLE ENERGY: Increased Geothermal Development Will Depend on Overcoming Many Challenges, GAO-06-629, May 24, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 1.7MB, 53p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 600KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Child support expenditures

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a study today on federal expenditures for the child support enforcement (CSE) program. CSE is a federal-state partnership, and states are generally reimbursed 66 percent of their administrative costs. On the federal level, CSE is run by the Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE) which establishes program policies and oversees and audits state agencies.

From FY 2000 to FY 2004, total net federal expenditures for administrative costs increased, but child support collections and the program's cost-effectiveness ratio (total collections divided by total administrative expenditures) also increased. For FY 2004, cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from 8.70 for Hawaii to 1.83 for the Virgin Islands. The minimum to receive an incentive payment is 2.0.

The report provides a 50-state map of percentage changes in net federal expenditures, from FY 2000 to FY 2004, on p. 17.

CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT: More Focus on Labor Costs and Administrative Cost Audits Could Help Reduce Federal Expenditures, GAO-06-491, July 6, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 2MB, 62p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 80KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Foster care costs

Costs for adoption and foster care programs are expected to rise from $6 billion in FY2003 to $8 billion in FY2008, according to a study issued by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) yesterday. Federal aid to help states pay for these programs increased 7% between FY2000 and FY2004 from $2.5 to $2.6 billion. The programs are authorized by Title IV-E of the Social Security Act and administered by the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Administration for Children and Families (ACF).

GAO found that 80% of the increase could be attributed to six states, with California accounting for 31% of the total. The study reviewed spending in 11 states and found that different methods for identifiying eligible children and staff costs and uneven compliance with criteria for reporting costs or interpretation of criteria have made HHS oversight difficult.

FOSTER CARE AND ADOPTION ASSISTANCE: Federal Oversight Needed to Safeguard Funds and Ensure Consistent Support for States' Administrative Costs, GAO-06-649, June 15, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 1.7MB, 54p.)
     Highlights (pdf,356KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Wastewater down

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has published a study on the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1987, amendments to the Clean Water Act created the CWSRF program to provide low-interest financing to states for water quality projects. States can use their CWSRFs for wastewater infrastructure, nonpoint source pollution control, and estuaries. Since 1987, an overwhelming 96 percent of these funds ($50 billion) has gone to wastewater treatment. In light of states' flexibility in spending CWSRFs, GAO examined how effectively the funds have been allocated.

CLEAN WATER: How States Allocate Revolving Loan Funds and Measure Their Benefits, GAO-06-579, June 5, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 4MB, 54p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 44KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Surf's up!

The devastation caused by the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004 raised awareness and concerns about how well U.S. coastal communities are prepared for a similar event. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today issued a report on federal and state efforts to mitigate tsunami risks and impacts.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the lead agency for tsunami detection and warning. The GAO report is based on NOAA's determination that the Pacific coast states of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, face the highest tsunami risk. The five states, together with NOAA, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) participate in the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP). For this study, GAO visited those states and twelve at-risk communities, two of which were in Hawaii - Hilo and Honolulu.

Hawaii also plays an important role for tsunamis as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, one of two tsunami warning centers operated by NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS). is located in Ewa Beach. The other center, the West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center is in Palmer, Alaska.

U.S. TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS: Federal and State Partners Collaborate to Help Communities Reduce Potential Impacts, but Significant Challenges Remain, GAO-06-519, June 5, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 2.5MB, 65p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 44KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Health insurance - your way, sort of

The rising cost of health care coverage has prompted growing interest and enrollment in consumer-directed health plans (CDHPs), according to a study released by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) yesterday. CDHPs are offered by private health insurance carriers to employers and individuals. A CDHP combines a high-deductible health plan with a health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) or health savings account (HSA), both of which have tax advantages.

HRAs and HSAs allow CDHP enrollees greater discretion in their health care. Because unused funds can be accrued, the report notes the incentive for enrollees to limit their health care expenditures; the counter-argument is that with its high deductibles, CDHPs may only attract healthier individuals and thereby raise premiums in traditional plans where the less healthy remain. Because CDHPs are relatively new, GAO did a broad survey of government and industry officials and employers and financial institutions for this study.

CONSUMER-DIRECTED HEALTH PLANS: Small but Growing Enrollment Fueled by Rising Cost of Health Care Coverage, GAO-06-514, April 28, 2006
     Full report (pdf, 644KB, 38p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 56KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Related GAO reports on CDHPs for federal employees:

FEDERAL EMPLOYEES HEALTH BENEFITS PROGRAM: First-Year Experience with High-Deductible Health Plans and Health Savings Accounts, GAO-06-271 (pdf, 544KB, 28p.), January 31, 2006

FEDERAL EMPLOYEES HEALTH BENEFITS PROGRAM: Early Experience with a Consumer-Directed Health Plan, GAO-06-143 (pdf, 480KB, 27p.), November 21, 2005

Offshoring in human services? (Revised)

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today issued a revised version of its March 28 report on Offshoring in Six Human Services Programs "to correct errors in data reported...."

OFFSHORING IN SIX HUMAN SERVICES PROGRAMS: Offshoring Occurs in Most States, Primarily in Customer Service and Software Development, GAO-06-342
     Full report (pdf, 632KB, 46p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 80KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

See earlier FR post, Offshoring in human services?

National park air tour fees

In a report issued May 11, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that the National Park Service has not been able to collect all the air tour fees it is due. Of 86 park units, only three meet the criteria established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, P.L. 103-66, to charge air tour fees: Grand Canyon, Haleakala, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Parks.

While the Park Service is responsible for collecting air tour fees, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has sole jurisdiction of airspace over national park units. The FAA, together with the Park Service, is charged with regulating air tours pursuant to the National Parks Overflights Act of 1987, P.L. 100-91, and the National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000 (pdf), P.L. 106-181,title VIII, but the FAA is not required to enforce payment of fees.

GAO found that the Park Service is hindered in collecting fees because it cannot verify air tour activity and thus cannot enforce compliance, and because P.L. 103-66 and P.L. 106-181 set different geographic standards for air tours incurring fees.

NATIONAL PARKS AIR TOUR FEES: Effective Verification and Enforcement Are Needed to Improve Compliance, GAO-06-468
     Full report (pdf, 560KB, 42p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 84KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

See related FR post, National park air tours

UI - overpayments; reemployment

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) yesterday released testimony relating to two aspects of unemployment insurance (UI): (1) efforts by the Department of Labor (Labor) to prevent overpayments, and (2) federal and state efforts to get UI claimants back to work. According to the testimony, in FY2004 UI paid $41 billion in benefits to 9 million claimants, and Labor estimated that $3.4 billion was overpaid in calendar year 2004.

UI is a federal-state partnership. GAO reported that one new step Labor has taken to help states detect and prevent overpayments is a pilot program using the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH). NDNH is a database of the Office of Child Support Enforcement (CSE) in the Dept. of Health and Human Services (DHHS) containing information on newly hired employees, quarterly wage reports, and UI claims nationwide.

For reemployment assistance, GAO noted two major changes to UI since its enactment as part of the Social Security Act (SSA) in 1935. In 1993 Congress required states to establish a Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services (WPRS) system to identify claimants needing reemployment services early in their claim. Then the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, PL 105-220 (pdf), in §121, established the one-stop system, requiring states and localities to combine 17 federally-funded employment and training services into one system.

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE: Enhancing Program Performance by Focusing on Improper Payments and Reemployment Services, GAO-06-696T
      Full report (pdf, 272KB, 22p.)
      Highlights (pdf, 88KB, 1p.)
      Abstract (html)

Related GAO reports:

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE: Factors Associated with Benefit Receipt and Linkages with Reemployment Services for Claimants, GAO-06-484T (pdf, 380KB, 27p.), March 15, 2006

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE: Factors Associated with Benefit Receipt, GAO-06-341 (pdf, 2.7MB, 93p.), March 7, 2006

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE: Better Data Needed to Assess Reemployment Services to Claimants, GAO-05-413 (pdf, 868KB, 47p.), June 24, 2005

Tobacco money and the states

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) yesterday released its fifth and final report on payments to 46 states pursuant to the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA, pdf, 272KB, 88p., from the Office of the Attorney General, State of California), between the states and four of the nation's largest tobacco companies, and the states' allocations of those funds to various programs. The reports were required by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, (PL 107-171, §10908, pdf, 1MB, 408p., from GPO). Hawaii reported receiving $38, 357,999 in FY 2005 and expects to receive $42,154,625 in FY 2006.

TOBACCO SETTLEMENT: States' Allocations of Fiscal Year 2005 and Expected Fiscal Year 2006 Payments, GAO-06-502
     Full report (pdf, 1.6MB, 73p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 88KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

See related FR post, A smoker's promise?

National parks funding

On April 5 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report and a companion statement on funding trends for the National Park Service. The Park Service manages 390 park units in over 20 designations, from national parks to national memorials, such as the USS Arizona Memorial. Appropriations to the Park Service totalled almost $1.7 billion in FY 2005. The Park Service allocates funds to park units in two categories: daily operations and specific projects. Broadly, GAO found that from 2001 to 2005 funding for operations declined while funding for projects increased. Project-related allocations primarily went towards reducing an estimated $5 billion maintenance backlog and to protecting natural resources through an initiative called the Natural Resource Challenge.

The 12 park units GAO selected for this study:

• Acadia National Park
• Badlands National Park
• Bryce Canyon National Park
• Gettysburg National Military Park
• Grand Canyon National Park
• Grand Teton National Park
• Mount Rushmore National Memorial
• Shenandoah National Park
• Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park
• Yellowstone National Park
• Yosemite National Park
• Zion National Park

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: Major Operations Funding Trends and How Selected Park Units Responded to Those Trends for Fiscal Years 2001 through 2005, GAO-06-431
     Full report (pdf, 2.7 MB, 107p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: Major Operations Funding Trends and How Selected Park Units Responded to Those Trends for Fiscal Years 2001 Through 2005, Statement for the Record by Robin M. Nazzaro, Director, Natural Resources and Environment (NRE), GAO; GAO-06-631T
     Full report (pdf, 460KB, 26p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 64KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

See related FR post, National park air tours

Offshoring in human services?

In a study released March 28, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) examined offshoring in four federally-funded, state-administered programs: child support enforcement, food stamps, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and unemployment insurance; and two federally-administered student aid programs: Pell Grant and Federal Family Education Loan. GAO found offshoring in 43 of 50 states, primarily in customer service for food stamps and TANF, and software development for unemployment insurance and child support enforcement; and no offshoring in the student aid programs. State officials report lower costs as a benefit, but offshore expenditures in the four programs appear to be relatively small. GAO also reported that state agencies rarely contract directly with foreign companies, but in outsourcing, their U.S. contractors subcontract work in foreign countries. (Hawaii reported offshoring in its food stamp program.)

See FR post on revised report issued May 25, 2006.

Links to the six programs in the report:

Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement (CSE)
State CSE web sites
Food Stamp Program
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Unemployment Insurance
Pell Grant
Federal Family Education Loan

OFFSHORING IN SIX HUMAN SERVICE PROGRAMS: Offshoring Occurs in Most States, Primarily in Customer Service and Software Development, GAO-06-342
     Full report (pdf, 628KB, 45p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 80KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Related GAO report:
Offshoring of Services: An Overview of the Issues, GAO-06-5 (pdf, 3.2MB, 87p.), Nov. 28, 2005

Wireless E911 progress

On March 10 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a study on the progress of implementing wireless enhanced 911 (E911) services in the U.S. Enhanced 911 gives emergency responders the location and callback number of callers using landline phones. Wireless E911 gives the same callback information from mobile phone users and "is inherently more challenging." In response to the ENHANCE 911 Act of 2004, PL 108-494 (pdf, 108KB, 14p., from GPO), GAO reviewed the use of state and local funds to deploy wireless E911. GAO found "significant progress" since its last report in 2003 but noted that states are in varying stages of implementation.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS: States' Collection and Use of Funds for Wireless Enhanced 911 Services, GAO-06-338
     Full report (pdf, 656KB, 27p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 64KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Related GAO report:

Telecommunications: Uneven Implementation of Wireless Enhanced 911 Raises Prospect of Piecemeal Availability for Years to Come, GAO-04-55 (pdf, 1.5MB, 42p.), Nov. 7, 2003

Related LRB report:

Wireless Enhanced 911 Working Group: Report of Proceedings, Report No. 2, 2004 (pdf, 448KB, 42p.)

Computerized voter lists

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report yesterday on nine states that have implemented computerized voter registration lists as required by the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA, PL 107-252, pdf, 212KB, 66p., from GPO). HAVA required that states create these lists by Jan. 1, 2004, but they could apply for a 2-year waiver to Jan. 1, 2006. All but nine states obtained the waiver. This study reviews the experiences of the nine states that implemented the HAVA voter registration provisions, Hawaii being one of them (see Appendix VI).

ELECTION REFORM: Nine States' Experiences Implementing Federal Requirements for Computerized Voter Registration Systems, GAO-06-247
     Full report (pdf, 1.4MB, 65p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 332KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Related GAO reports:

Elections: Views of Selected Local Election Officials on Managing Voter Registration and Ensuring Eligible Citizens Can Vote, GAO-05-997 (pdf, 2.2MB, 120p.), September 27, 2005

Elections: Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed, GAO-05-956 (pdf, 1.3MB, 107p.), September 21, 2005

Elections: Additional Data Could Help State and Local Elections Officials Maintain Accurate Voter Registration Lists, GAO-05-478 (pdf, 1.6MB, 71p.), June 10, 2005

Related FR posts:

• States' voting systems not ready for November
• Electronic voting machines (DREs)
• Electronic poll books
• Electronic voting
  
• Electronic voting in California

Fisheries management

"Overfishing is a problem with far-reaching environmental and economic consequences," begins a Feb. 23 report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the fourth in a series on fisheries management. This report concerns stakeholder participation in fishing quota decisions. "Stakeholders" here includes the states, vessel owners and crew, processors, fishing communities, environmentalists, consumers, and the public.

To curb overfishing and promote conservation, one of the management tools the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) uses is dedicated access privilege, DAP (pdf), programs. Under a DAP program, NMFS sets an allowable catch in a fishery and allocates portions to eligible parties, such as fishermen. Effective and equitable participation by stakeholders in quota decisions is critical but this participation may not be occurring. (NMFS is under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA.)

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (PL 94-265, codified as amended at 16 USC §§1801-1883) established eight regional fishery management councils to manage fisheries in federal waters. The councils develop fishery management plans, including DAP programs. Both NMFS and the councils are responsible for implementing DAP programs. GAO recommends that NMFS and the councils develop a framework for effective stakeholder participation. The report cites the Marine Resource Education Project (MREP) for its promising examples of cooperation, although the training may be costly and reach few stakeholders.

For this study, GAO reviewed four regional fishery management councils: the Gulf of Mexico, New England, North Pacific, and Pacific councils.

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: Core Principles and a Strategic Approach Would Enhance Stakeholder Participation in Developing Quota-Based Programs, GAO-06-289
     Full report (pdf, 1MB, 55p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

The three earlier reports in the series:

Individual Fishing Quotas: Management Costs Varied and Were Not Recovered as Required, GAO-05-241 (pdf, 616KB, 44p.), March 11, 2005

Individual Fishing Quotas: Methods for Community Protection and New Entry Require Periodic Evaluation, GAO-04-277 (pdf, 2.3MB, 51p.), Feb. 24, 2004

Individual Fishing Quotas: Better Information Could Improve Program Management, GAO-03-159 (pdf, 1.3MB, 56p.), Dec. 11, 2002

Why higher gas prices?

Testimony on factors influencing gasoline prices, presented by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to the Senate Judiciary Committee, was released Feb. 1 by GAO. Gas prices impact the economy because of our heavy use of motor vehicles. The U.S. consumes about 45 percent of all gasoline consumed in the world. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) calculates that every ten cents added to a gallon of gas adds $14 billion to the nation's gas bill. GAO's testimony addressed: (1) factors that affect gas prices, (2) the pattern of oil company mergers in the U.S., and (3) effects of mergers on market concentration and wholesale gas prices.

GAO found: (1) "Crude oil prices are the fundamental determinant of gasoline prices." Other factors include U.S. refinery capacity, gasoline inventories, and regulatory factors such as air quality standards. (2) In the 1990s there were over 2600 mergers involving all three segments of the U.S. petroleum industry - 85% of the mergers were in exploration and production, 13% in refining and marketing, and 2% in transportation. Since 2000 there have been 8 mergers in different segments of the industry. (3) Mergers increased market concentration in refining and marketing, resulting in small wholesale price increases from 1 to 7 cents per gallon.

ENERGY MARKETS: Factors Contributing to Higher Gasoline Prices, GAO-06-412T
     Full report (pdf, 196KB, 13p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

Earlier GAO reports referred to in the testimony:

GASOLINE MARKETS: Special Gasoline Blends Reduce Emissions and Improve Air Quality, but Complicate Supply and Contribute to Higher Prices, GAO-05-421, June 17, 2005
     Full report (pdf, 1.14MB, 51p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 40KB, 1p.)

MOTOR FUELS: Understanding the Factors That Influence the Retail Price of Gasoline, GAO-05-525SP, May 2, 2005
     Full report (pdf, 3.67MB, 61p.)
     Abstract (html)

ENERGY MARKETS: Effects of Mergers and Market Concentration in the U.S. Petroleum Industry, GAO-04-96, May 17, 2004
     Highlights (pdf, 88KB, 1p.)

National park air tours

Noise concerns prompted Congress to pass the National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000, PL 106-181, title VIII, 114 Stat. 185 (pdf, 452KB, 137p., from GPO), to regulate air tours over national parks. The Act requires the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Park Service to formulate air tour management plans (ATMPs) for parks where air tour operators apply to conduct tours. In a study released Jan. 27, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that six years after the Act's passage, no ATMPs have been completed.

According to GAO, in January 2003 FAA and the Park Service began developing ATMPs for nine parks, the first six of which were in Hawaii: Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes National Parks; Kalaupapa, Pu'uhonua o Honaunau, and Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Parks; and Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site. In July 2005 the latter three were removed from the ATMP process because air tour operators withdrew their applications for those parks and "instead agreed to fly at least one half-mile outside" the parks.

Among GAO's recommendations for more effective implementation of the Act are to give FAA and the Park Service greater flexibility in determining which parks require ATMPs and that FAA improve enforcement of the Act.

National Parks Air Tour Management Act: More Flexibility and Better Enforcement Needed, GAO-06-263
     Full report (pdf, 980KB, 69p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 76KB, 1p.)

Improving nursing home quality, safety

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is the federal agency responsible for Medicare and Medicaid programs and compliance with federal nursing home standards. (States contract with CMS to conduct annual nursing home surveys.) Since 1998 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has issued a series of reports on nursing home quality and safety and weaknesses in federal and state oversight. Today GAO released an assessment of CMS's progress in addressing oversight deficiencies. GAO found a decline in nursing homes with serious quality problems but noted two continuing issues: inconsistency in how states conduct surveys and understatement of quality problems.

One of the initiatives CMS has taken to improve its services is a Web site, Nursing Home Compare, to provide information on nursing homes in each state.

NURSING HOMES: Despite Increased Oversight, Challenges Remain in Ensuring High-Quality Care and Resident Safety, GAO-06-117
     Full report (pdf, 1.62MB, 81p.)
     Highlights (pdf, 60KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (html)

States assisting veterans

There are approximately 700,000 unemployed veterans, and the U.S. Department of Labor (Labor) expects that number to increase as service members leave active duty. In 2002 Congress passed the Jobs for Veterans Act (JVA) (PL 107-288, pdf, 76KB, 16p., from GPO) to improve employment and training for veterans and encourage employers to hire them. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) was mandated to review the implementation of JVA and released its report Dec. 30.

JVA amended two Labor programs that are exclusive to veterans and administered by the Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS): the Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program (DVOP) and the Local Veterans' Employment Representative program (LVER). (For its review, GAO surveyed state VETS directors and state workforce administrators.) JVA not only changed the way services are provided through DVOP and LVER but gave states more flexibility to tailor services to their area veterans; that greater flexibility, however, calls for greater accountability. GAO recommends that Labor improve its oversight and monitoring functions, assist with integrating staff into one-stop service centers, and better enforce federal contractor requirements.

VETERANS' EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING SERVICE: Labor Actions Needed to Improve Accountability and Help States Implement Reforms to Veterans' Employment Services, GAO-06-176
      Full report (pdf, 1.6MB, 62p.)
      Highlights (pdf, 208KB, 1p.)
      Abstract (html)

Readying IDEA children for preschool

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the primary federal education law for children with disabilities. Part C of IDEA covers children from birth to age 3 and requires states to provide certain early intervention services. Part C is administered by the U.S. Dept. of Education's (Education) Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP). The Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report yesterday on how well states are implementing Part C and transitioning children from Part C to Part B, which covers children from age 3 who then become eligible for preschool programs. To help states provide a more seamless transition, GAO recommends that Education give states more guidance on transition planning and services. Hawaii was one of seven states where GAO conducted site visits for this study.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Education Should Provide Additional Guidance to Help States Smoothly Transition Children to Preschool, GAO-06-26
     Full report (PDF, 4.37MB, 41p.)
     Highlights (PDF, 88KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (HTML)

IDEA '97 Law & Regs ((available in various formats, including PDF for the law (368KB, 143p.), from the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) via a link from the OSEP site))

Older workers - a better future?

As millions of baby boomers age, longer life spans and falling birth rates pose serious challenges to workers, employers, and the economy. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) yesterday released a report on the implications of an aging workforce on the nation's productivity, public benefits (Social Security and Medicare), and retirement and health programs. At the same time, many older Americans face less secure retirements. GAO found that these looming problems could be mitigated if employers had policies to hire and retain older workers and if older workers who wanted to work were given viable options to do so. GAO recommends that the Dept. of Labor (DOL) mount a high-profile public awareness campaign to help employers and employees better plan for the future and to bridge the gap between their respective needs.

OLDER WORKERS: Labor Can Help Employers and Employees Plan Better for the Future, GAO-06-80.
     Full report (PDF, 9.98MB, 60p.)
     Highlights (PDF, 76KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (HTML)

National Guard Youth Challenge Program

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) reviewed the National Guard Youth Challenge Program and issued its report today. The Challenge Program was established by the National Defense Authorization Act (PL 102-484) in 1992 as a pilot program to use military-based training to help high school dropouts in life skills and employability. The Program was made permanent in 1998. There are now 29 program sites in 24 states (Hawaii has one) and Puerto Rico.

The Department of Defense (DOD) sets overall policy for the Program, and the National Guard Bureau (NGB) manages it. From initially covering 100 percent of the Program's costs, DOD now pays 60 percent of state operating costs, and states pay 40 percent. Since 1993 NGB has used $14,000 per student as a cost basis for funding. NGB now suggests increasing the per student cost to $18,000 and the federal cost share to 75 percent. GAO's position is that there has been little cost analysis of the Program, and without better financial information, DOD cannot justify increased funding.

DEFENSE MANAGEMENT: Actions Are Needed to Improve the Management and Oversight of the National Guard Youth Challenge Program, GAO-06-140.
     Full report (PDF, 904kb, 45p.)
     Highlights (PDF, 72kb, 1p.)

See also: Hawaii National Guard Youth Challenge Academy

Workforce Investment Act (WIA)

The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA) (PL 105-220, available in PDF, 1MB, 313p., from GPO), which replaced the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), is the key federal employment and training program. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today released a report on the quality of performance data for WIA from the states. WIA is implemented in partnership with states and localities and relies on their data to track participant outcomes. WIA overhauled how federally funded employment and training services are provided and introduced significant changes in the way performance data are collected and reported. These major shifts required that states retool their IT systems, and there were inconsistent results. This report addresses the issue of improving WIA data quality.

WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT: Labor and States Have Taken Actions to Improve Data Quality, but Additional Steps Are Needed
     Full Report (PDF, 868K, 45p.)
     Highlights (PDF, 92K, 1p.)
     Abstract (HTML)
     All from GAO

Electronic voting

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) released, on Oct. 21, a study on government efforts to improve electronic voting. In 2002 Congress passed the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) which authorized funding for state and local governments to improve election administration, including increased use of electronic voting systems. HAVA also established the Election Assistance Commission (EAC) to support election improvements.

GAO did this study because concerns have been raised about the security and reliability of electronic voting. GAO recommends that EAC collaborate with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to improve voting system standards and continually update voting system software, establish time frames for a national voting system certification program, and improve management support to state and local election officials for sharing information on problems and vulnerabilities of voting systems.

ELECTIONS: Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed
     Full Report (PDF, 1.2MB, 107p.)
     Highlights (PDF, 44KB, 1p.)
     Abstract (HTML)
     All from GAO

Help America Vote Act (HAVA) (PL 107-252)
     (PDF, 212KB, 66p., from GPO)

Federal funding for STEM programs

A study issued by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) today reports that the federal government spent $2.8 billion in FY2004 for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Long a world leader in science and technology, the U.S. seeks to maintain its competitive advantage by increasing students and improving educational programs in these fields. This study reports on (1) the number of such federal programs funded in FY2004 and their effectiveness, (2) how students, graduates, and employees in STEM fields have changed over the years, and (3) factors affecting students' deciding to pursue STEM degrees and occupations, and ways to encourage more participation.

HIGHER EDUCATION: Federal Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Programs and Related Trends
    Full report (PDF, 928K, 112p.)
    Highlights (PDF, 40K, 1p.)
    Abstract (HTML)
    All from GAO

Medicaid: Long-term care partnership

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today released correspondence on a public-private partnership between states and private insurers to reduce Medicaid expenditures for long-term care. Persons who buy insurance policies designated by a state as partnership policies first use those benefits to pay for their long-term care before accessing Medicaid. To encourage the purchase of partnership insurance, policyholders may protect their assets from Medicaid spend-down requirements, but they must still meet income requirements. Currently four states offer Long-Term Care Partnership Programs - California, Connecticut, Indiana, and New York.

Overview of the Long-Term Care Partnership Program
      Full Briefing (PDF, 364K, 37p., from GAO)
      Abstract (HTML)

Medicaid asset transfers

In 2004, Medicaid spent about $93 billion for long-term care. To qualify for Medicaid assistance, individuals' assets must be below certain levels. Those who pay for long-term care on their own may deplete their assets and become eligible for Medicaid. Some may transfer assets to qualify for Medicaid. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report today on this subject, reviewing (1) level of assets held and tranferred by the elderly, (2) asset transfers that may result in penalties, (3) how states determine financial eligibility, and (4) guidance provided to states by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on asset transfers.

Hawaii was one of nine states selected for detailed review of Medicaid eligibility determination practices. The other states were Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Montana, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, and Wisconsin.

MEDICAID: Transfers of Assets by Elderly Individuals to Obtain Long-Term Care Coverage
      Full Report (PDF, 804KB, 52p.)
      Highlights (PDF, 72KB, 1p.)
      Abstract (HTML)
      All from GAO

Real estate brokerage - competition?

Residential real estate brokerage fees amounted to about $61 billion in 2004. Because commission rates appear to remain uniform regardless of market conditions, economists have questioned the extent of price competition in the industry. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today issued a report on the brokerage industry, discussing (1) factors affecting price competition, (2) the role of the Internet, and (3) brokerage services by state-chartered banks. GAO found one cause of price uniformity may be multiple listing services (MLS) which, while facilitating cooperation among brokers that can benefit consumers, can also discourage competitive commission rates. The effects of the Internet and banks were found not to be significant.

REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE: Factors That May Affect Price Competition
      Full Report (PDF, 244KB, 32p.)
      Highlights (PDF, 40KB, 1p.)
      Abstract (HTML)
      All from GAO

Vocational rehab

States annually receive over $2.5 billion from the Dept. of Education (Education) for vocational rehabilitation (VR) to help disabled individuals become employed. In a report released today, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that one-third of the more than 650,000 persons exiting state VR programs in FY2003 obtained a new job or kept their existing job for at least 90 days. The remaining two-thirds left without employment because they refused services or failed to cooperate with the VR counselor, or could not be located. To improve employment rates, GAO recommends that Education reevaluate its performance measures, provide timelier feedback to state VR agencies, censure poor performance and/or reward strong performance, and disseminate best practices among state VR agencies.

VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION: Better Measures and Monitoring Could Improve the Performance of the VR Program
      Full report (PDF, 4.6MB, 79p.)
      Highlights (PDF, 44KB, 1p.)
      Both from GAO

Helping states define graduation rates

One third of students who enter high school do not graduate, thus facing limited job prospects. The No Child Left Behind Act requires that states use graduation rates to measure how well students are educated. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) today issued a report on how the Dept. of Education can help states better define graduation rates and evaluate intervention strategies to raise graduation rates.

Twelve states use the cohort definition that tracks students from when they enter high school to when they leave. Because this is a more precise definition than others, a majority of states plan to use this by school year 2007-08.

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT: Education Could Do More to Help States Better Define Graduation Rates and Improve Knowledge about Intervention Strategies
      Full report (PDF, 5.3MB, 67p., from GAO)
      Highlights (PDF, 372KB, 1p., from GAO)
      Abstract (HTML)

Intelligent transportation systems

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report, Sept. 14, on the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) program that Congress established in 1991. Traffic congestion is costly both to the nation's economy and its quality of life. ITS seeks to use electronic and computer technologies to improve traffic flow. In 1996 the Secretary of Transportation envisioned that the 75 largest metropolitan areas would deploy a complete ITS infrastructure by 2005. GAO finds that progress has been made but there are limitations to DOT's goal and measures and ITS's impact on congestion.

Highway Congestion: Intelligent Transportation Systems' Promise for Managing Congestion Falls Short, and DOT Could Better Facilitate Their Strategic Use

Full report (PDF, 1.35MB, 69p.)
Highlights (PDF, 80K, 1p.)
Both from GAO

Disaster Preparedness, Response and Reconstruction - a GAO bibliography

The Government Accountability office (GAO) today released a list of Reports and Testimonies Related to Disaster Preparedness, Response and Reconstruction.

There are 120 items under the following categories: Charities, Coast Guard & Seaports, Energy Supply, Environment & Natural Resources, Flood Control, Infrastructure, Insurance, Military's Role Including National Guard & Reserves, Preparedness, Public Health, Response, Recovery.

Supplements raise textbook prices

An iClips AP item today announces the release of a report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO), College Textbooks: Enhanced Offerings Appear to Drive Recent Price Increases. The U.S. government endeavors to make higher education accessible and affordable, primarily by providing financial aid. Since nearly half the college population receives federal financial aid, escalating costs of postsecondary education, including textbooks, can impact access, affordability, and federal spending.

The GAO found that, in the last two decades, college textbook prices have increased at twice the rate of inflation, close behind tuition increases. While many factors affect textbook pricing, the primary one appears to be the increasing investment publishers are making in supplements such as Web sites, CD-ROMs, and others with technology content. With the advent of the Internet, institutions have invested heavily in technology and expect faculty to utilize that technology. Publishers are providing more curricular support for instructors because of the reduction in full-time tenure-track faculty across the country. While these materials are free to instructors, their cost is built into the price of textbooks. One publisher has invested $1 million in developing a CD-ROM that provides 3-D images to enhance learning anatomy.

College Textbooks: Enhanced Offerings
   Full report, PDF, 8M, 51p. from GAO
   Highlights, PDF, 68K, 1p. from GAO
   Abstract, HTML

Hawaii base closure; GAO reports

In major news today, the Star Bulletin reported that the federal Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission wants to add Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard to the Dept. of Defense's (DOD) base closure list. A shutdown would affect 4200 civilian and 800 military workers and the $1 billion added to Hawaii's economy annually. Next comes a July 19 meeting where seven of nine commissioners would have to vote to amend the base closure list that was released on May 13.

As required by law, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) today issued a report on DOD's selection process for 2005 base closures. BRAC's goals are: (1) reducing excess infrastructure and producing savings, (2) furthering transformation, and (3) fostering jointness. This is the latest in GAO's list of Base Realignment and Closure Reports. Earlier reports this year cover prior and current BRAC rounds and give an updated status. Besides the full reports, abstracts and highlights are available.

Base Realignment and Closure Reports
(available from the GAO)